Introduction
Method
Participants
Characteristics | P + CSO | P-CSO | Controls | Test statistics and p-values |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 73 | 73 | 133 | |
Age in years, M (SD) | 39.99 (9.17) | 34.78 (9.35) | 33.35 (10.10) | H2 = 24.42, p < 0.001*** |
ICV in mm3, M (SD) | 1,563,719.23 (131,651.05) | 1,626,388.32 (120,795.78) | 1,625,977.95 (142,135.48) | H2 = 9.86, p = 0.007** |
Handedness quotient (EHI), M (SD) | 68.49 (47.56) | 66.63 (49.54) | 65.90 (56.35) | H2 = 0.49, p = 0.783 |
Intelligence (WAIS-score), M (SD) | ||||
Verbal | 93.37 (18.48) | 106.50 (18.35) | 103.71 (20.32) | H2 = 19.29, p < 0.001*** |
Performance | 104.01 (18.74) | 108.34 (18.22) | 105.89 (18.54) | H2 = 2.20, p = 0.333 |
General ability | 98.96 (19.28) | 108.00 (17.15) | 105.75 (18.99) | H2 = 11.54, p = 0.003** |
Mental disorders (DSM-IV, lifetime) in % | 63.9 | 61.6 | 25.6 | χ22, n=277 = 38.28, p < 0.001*** |
Personality disorders (DSM-IV, lifetime) in % | 37.1 | 41.1 | 5.3 | χ22, n=275 = 46.03, p < 0.001*** |
Measures
Image acquisition and preprocessing
Hypothalamus segmentation
Reliability
Statistics
Results
Sample characteristics
Global group comparisons and contrasts
Groups | n | Absolute volumes | n OE | Corrected for ICV and age OE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left | Right | Left | Right | |||
P + CSO, M (SD) | 73 | 740.70 (80.84) | 733.18 (70.70) | 70 | 757.95 (68.27) | 749.95 (65.37) |
P-CSO, M (SD) | 73 | 793.77 (80.59) | 783.19 (74.36) | 73 | 788.08 (65.75) | 778.34 (62.95) |
Controls, M (SD) | 133 | 791.20 (78.10) | 771.02 (76.99) | 132 | 782.10 (66.46) | 762.27 (63.64) |
Group comparisons | n | Absolute volumes | Corrected for ICV | Corrected for age | Corrected for ICV and age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multivariate | 279 | F2, 276 = 12.26, p < 0.001*** | F2, 275 = 6.78, p = 0.001*** | F2, 275 = 6.93, p = 0.001*** | F2, 274 = 3.13, p = 0.045* | ||||
275 OE | F2, 272 = 14.39, p < 0.001*** | F2, 271 = 8.83, p < 0.001*** | F2, 271 = 8.80, p < 0.001*** | F2, 270 = 4.61, p = 0.011* | |||||
Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | ||
Univariate | 279 | F2, 276 = 11.30, p < 0.001*** | F2, 276 = 9.21, p < 0.001*** | F2, 275 = 6.08, p = 0.006** | F2, 275 = 4.89, p = 0.008** | F2, 275 = 6.20, p = 0.004** | F2, 275 = 5.43, p = 0.005** | F2, 274 = 2.51, p = 0.146 | F2, 274 = 2.65, p = 0.146 |
275 OE | F2 272 = 13.51, p < 0.001*** | F2, 272 = 10.19, p < 0.001*** | F2, 271 = 8.13, p < 0.001*** | F2, 271 = 5.91, p = 0.003** | F2, 271 = 8.09, p < 0.001*** | F2, 271 = 6.45, p = 0.002** | F2, 270 = 3.99, p = 0.040* | F2, 270 = 3.52, p = 0.040* | |
Contrasts | Left (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Right (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Left (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Right (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Left (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Right (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Left (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | Right (MDiff, [95%-CI]) | |
CSO vs. -CSO | 279 | −51.41, [−72.68, −30.13], p < 0.001*** | −42.15, [−62.19, −22.11], p < 0.001*** | −33.93, [−43.11, −14.76], p = 0.001** | −26.83, [−45.23, −8.42], p = 0.004** | −37.71, [−59.01, −16.42], p = 0.001** | −30.51, [−50.72, −10.30], p = 0.003** | NA | NA |
275 OE | −55.70, [−55.70, −34.61], p < 0.001*** | −43.08, [−62.72, −23.43], p < 0.001*** | −39.03, [−58.12, −19.95], p < 0.001*** | −28.77, [−46.91, −10.63], p = 0.002** | −42.61, [−63.65, −21.56], p < 0.001*** | −32.21, [−51.98, −12.45], p = 0.001** | −26.37, [−45.20, −7.54], p = 0.012* | −18.28, [−36.39, −0.16], p = 0.048* | |
P + CSO vs. P-CSO | 146 | −53.07, [−78.96, −27.96], p < 0.001*** | −50.01, [−74.36, −25.67], p < 0.001*** | −35.52, [−58.71, −12.33], p = 0.004** | −34.63, [−56.83, −12.42], p = 0.004** | −41.37, [−66.79, −15.94], p = 0.002** | −39.93, [−63.98, −15.87], p = 0.002** | NA | NA |
143 OE | −57.75, [−83.29, −32.22], p < 0.001*** | −51.91, [−75.62, −28.20], p < 0.001*** | −40.97, [−68.93, −18.01], p = 0.001** | −37.51, [−59.26, −15.76], p = 0.001** | −46.52, [−71.55, −21.50],p < .001*** | −42.45, [−65.86, −19.04],p < .001*** | −30.14, [−52.42, −7.86], p = 0.016* | −28.39, [−49.72, −7.06], p = 0.016* | |
P + CSO vs. controls | 206 | −50.50, [−73.29, −27.71], p < 0.001*** | −37.84, [−59.26, −16.42], p = 0.001** | −33.06, [−53.55, −12.58], p = 0.004** | −22.55, [−42.17, −2.84], p = 0.024* | −35.87, [−58.40, −12.74], p = .004** | −24.97, [−46.56, −3.37], p = .024* | NA | NA |
202 OE | −54.57, [−77.14, −32.00], p < 0.001*** | −38.19, [−59.15, −17.23], p < 0.001*** | −37.96, [−58.32, −17.60], p < 0.001*** | −23.94, [−43.23, −4.65], p = 0.015** | −40.29, [−62.82, −17.77],p = .001** | −26.17, [−47.24, −5.10], p = .015* | −24.15, [−44.26, −4.05], p = 0.038* | −12.32, [−31.57, 6.93], p = 0.209 |