We aimed to identify novel biomarkers which had been validated and showed sufficient promise to warrant further evaluation in low-prevalence populations. |
We identified 431 unique biomarkers; only 35 of which had been investigated in at least two studies, with outcomes for that individual marker for the same tumour type - four of these were identified as the most promising for future studies. |
This review highlights the need for more biomarker studies that consider primary care/community settings as their intended populations. |
Findings also indicate we still need better reporting to facilitate knowledge translation; we also need more consistency in the use of biomarkers. |
Research collaborations are vital to reduce duplicate efforts and ensure appropriate samples sizes when studying low-prevalence populations. |
Digital Features
Introduction
Methods
Search Strategy and Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Data Extraction and Analysis
Quality Assessment and Risk of Bias
Data Synthesis
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
Results
Characteristics of Included Studies
References | Country (population) | Settinga | Cases and controls | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases (N) | Controls (N) | |||||||
Hosp | Other | All | HC | NM | PM | |||
Gastric cancer only | ||||||||
Cai et al. [23] | China | × | – | 60 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
Chen et al. [24] | China | × | × | 249 | 1203 | 0 | 1203 | 0 |
Chen et al. [25] | China | × | – | 87 | 105 | 40 | 65 | 0 |
Chung et al. [26] | South Korea | × | – | 147 | 94 | Ub | Ub | 24 |
Ding et al. [27] | China | × | – | 110 | 110 | 110 | 0 | 0 |
Dong et al. [28] | China | × | – | 90 | 57 | 57 | 0 | 0 |
Gantuya et al. [29] | Mongolia | × | – | 50 | 752 | 0 | 752 | 0 |
Gwak et al. [30] | South Korea | U | U | 96 | 187 | 0 | 187 | 0 |
He et al. [31] | China | × | – | 149 | 235 | 124 | 111 | 0 |
Hoshino et al. [32] | Japan | – | × | 248 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 |
Huang et al. [33] | China | × | – | 197 | 125 | 37 | 88 | 0 |
Huang et al. [34] | China | × | × | 62 | 59 | 59 | 0 | 0 |
Huang et al. [35] | China | × | – | 60 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
Iwasaki et al. [36] | Japan | × | – | 54 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 |
Ji et al. [37] | China | × | – | 168 | 74 | 74 | 0 | 0 |
Juan Cai et al. [38] | China | × | – | 106 | 358 | 160 | 198 | 0 |
Kaise et al. [39] | Japan | × | – | 187 | 561 | 561 | 0 | 0 |
Kang et al. [40] | South Korea | × | – | 380 | 626 | 228 | 291 | 107 |
Kikuchi et al. [41] | Japan | × | – | 122 | 178 | 79 | 99 | 0 |
Kim et al. [42] | South Korea | × | – | 120 | 120 | Ub | Ub | 0 |
Kurilovich et al. [43] | Russia | – | × | 52 | 104 | 104 | 0 | 0 |
Li et al. [44] | China | × | – | 60 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
Li et al. [45] | China | × | – | 79 | 112 | 81 | 0 | 31 |
Li et al. [46] | China | × | – | 65 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 |
Li et al. [47] | South Korea | × | – | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Li et al. [48] | China | × | – | 234 | 428 | 270 | 0 | 158 |
Lim et al. [49] | South Korea | × | – | 100 | 90 | Ub | Ub | 30 |
Lim et al. [50] | South Korea | × | – | 100 | 100 | Ub | Ub | 30 |
Lin et al. [51] | China | U | U | 51 | 78 | 60 | 18 | 0 |
Liu et al. [52] | China | × | – | 142 | 105 | 105 | 0 | 0 |
Liu et al. [53] | China | × | – | 119 | 148 | 99 | 49 | 0 |
Liu et al. [54] | China | × | – | 50 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Meistere et al. [55] | Taiwan, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany | × | × | 829 | 929 | 929 | 0 | 0 |
Mroczko et al. [56] | Poland | × | – | 73 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
Ning et al. [57] | China | × | – | 169 | 75 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
Oue et al. [58] | Japan | × | – | 123 | 96 | 76 | 20 | 0 |
Pan et al. [59] | China | × | – | 81 | 130 | 77 | 53 | 0 |
Park et al. [60] | South Korea | × | – | 81 | 103 | 32 | 63 | 8 |
Parvaee et al. [61] | Iran | – | × | 50 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Qin et al. [62] | China | × | × | 407 | 407 | 407 | 0 | 0 |
Qiu et al. [63] | China | × | – | 200 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 |
Song et al. [64] | China | – | × | 68 | 68 | 0 | 68 | 0 |
Su et al. [65] | China | × | 82 | 59 | 50 | 9 | 0 | |
Sun et al. [66] | China | × | × | 332 | 332 | 332 | 0 | 0 |
Tsalikidis et al. [67] | Greece | × | – | 99 | 78 | 78 | 0 | 0 |
Wang et al. [68] | Taiwan | U | U | 170 | 116 | 116 | 0 | 0 |
Wang et al. [69] | China | × | – | 72 | 54 | 54 | 0 | 0 |
Wang et al. [70] | China | × | × | 186 | 186 | 186 | 0 | 0 |
Wang et al. [71] | China | × | – | 60 | 120 | 60 | 60 | 0 |
Werner et al. [72] | Germany | – | × | 146 | 97 | 97 | 0 | 0 |
Wu et al. [73] | China | × | – | 90 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 0 |
Wu et al. [74] | China | × | – | 99 | 132 | 100 | 30 | 2 |
Wu et al. [75] | China | × | – | 201 | 318 | 157 | 161 | 0 |
Yanaoka et al. [76] | Japan | – | × | 63 | 5146 | 5146 | 0 | 0 |
Yang et al. [77] | South Korea | – | × | 290 | 290 | 290 | 0 | 0 |
Yang et al. [78] | China | × | – | 109 | 106 | 0 | 106 | 0 |
Yoon et al. [79] | South Korea | × | × | 500 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 0 |
Yun et al. [80] | China | × | – | 194 | 376 | 185 | 191 | 0 |
Zayakin et al. [81] | Latvia, Germany | × | – | 235 | 367 | 213 | 154 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [82] | China | × | – | 114 | 298 | 187 | 111 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [83] | China | × | × | 80 | 70 | 0 | 70 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [84] | China | × | – | 80 | 80 | 0 | 80 | 0 |
Zhou et al. [85] | China | × | – | 50 | 50 | Ub | Ub | Ub |
Zhou et al. [86] | China | × | – | 71 | 61 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
Zhou et al. [87] | China | × | – | 70 | 70 | 70 | 0 | 0 |
Pancreatic cancer only | ||||||||
Akita et al. [88] | Japan | × | – | 116 | 138 | 138 | 0 | 0 |
Balasenthil et al. [89] | USA | – | × | 98 | 154 | 61 | 93 | 0 |
Brand et al. [90] | USA | × | – | 173 | 120 | 120 | 0 | 0 |
Cao et al. [91] | China | × | – | 156 | 115 | 0 | 57 | 58 |
Capello et al. [92] | USA | × | – | 73 | 134 | 60 | 74 | 0 |
Chung et al. [93] | South Korea | × | – | 55 | 93 | 70 | 23 | 0 |
Chung et al. [94] | South Korea | × | – | 54 | 80 | 55 | 25 | 0 |
Deng et al. [95] | China | × | – | 303 | 640 | 600 | 40 | 0 |
Duraker et al. [96] | Turkey | × | – | 123 | 173 | 0 | 173 | 0 |
Firpo et al. [97] | USA | × | × | 75 | 261 | 150 | 84 | 27 |
Fukutake et al. [98] | Japan | × | – | 240 | 7800 | 7772 | 28 | 0 |
Gao et al. [99] | China | × | – | 70 | 120 | 50 | 70 | 0 |
Gold et al. [100] | USA | – | × | 53 | 130 | 43 | 87 | 0 |
Gold et al. [101] | USA | × | × | 298 | 199 | 79 | 120 | 0 |
Groblewska et al. [102] | Poland | U | U | 62 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 |
Guo et al. [103] | China | × | – | 250 | 300 | 150 | 150 | 0 |
Honda et al. [104] | Japan, Germany | × | – | 319 | 291 | 181 | 110 | 0 |
Honda et al. [105] | Japan, USA | × | × | 384 | 342 | 192 | 150 | 0 |
Honda et al. [106] | Ten European countriesc | – | × | 156 | 213 | 213 | 0 | 0 |
Jiang et al. [107] | China | × | – | 96 | 252 | 200 | 52 | 0 |
Kaur et al. [108] | USA | × | – | 154 | 167 | 0 | 167 | 0 |
Kim et al. [109] | USA | × | × | 278 | 418 | 220 | 83 | 115 |
Kuwatani et al. [110] | Japan | × | – | 98 | 158 | 105 | 21 | 32 |
LeCalvez-Kelm et al. [111] | Czech Republic, Slovakia | × | × | 397 | 533 | 374 | 159 | 0 |
Lee et al. [112] | South Korea | × | – | 51 | 112 | 0 | 112 | 0 |
Liao et al. [113] | Taiwan | × | × | 58 | 146 | 102 | 44 | 0 |
Liu et al. [114] | China | × | – | 138 | 175 | 68 | 107 | 0 |
Liu et al. [115] | China | × | – | 172 | 215 | 133 | 82 | 0 |
Liu et al. [116] | China | – | × | 235 | 470 | 240 | 230 | 0 |
Matsubara et al. [117] | Japan | × | – | 140 | 97 | 87 | 0 | 10 |
Mayerle et al. [118] | Germany | – | × | 79 | 160 | 80 | 80 | 0 |
Mellby et al. [119] | Denmark, USA | – | × | 143 | 276 | 219 | 57 | 0 |
Mizuno et al. [120] | Japan | × | – | 180 | 180 | 84 | 96 | 0 |
O'Brien et al. [121] | UK | – | × | 101 | 184 | 184 | 0 | 0 |
Park et al. [122] | South Korea | – | × | 139 | 146 | 74 | 72 | 0 |
Park et al. [123] | South Korea | U | U | 292 | 165 | 94 | 71 | 0 |
Peng et al. [124] | Taiwan | × | × | 263 | 230 | 185 | 45 | 0 |
Poruk et al. [125] | USA | × | × | 86 | 134 | 86 | 48 | 0 |
Ritchie et al. [126] | Canada | – | × | 84 | 99 | 99 | 0 | 0 |
Rychlikova et al. [127] | Czech Republic | × | – | 64 | 185 | 48 | 137 | 0 |
Sakai et al. [128] | Japan | × | – | 53 | 147 | 102 | 22 | 23 |
Song et al. [129] | USA | – | × | 188 | 220 | 89 | 68 | 63 |
Tachezy et al. [130] | Germany | × | × | 116 | 243 | 128 | 115 | 0 |
Talar-Wojnarowska et al. [131] | Poland | × | – | 85 | 122 | 50 | 72 | 0 |
Tavano et al. [132] | Italy | × | – | 74 | 117 | 117 | 0 | 0 |
Ward et al. [133] | UK | × | – | 75 | 61 | 0 | 61 | 0 |
Xu et al. [134] | China | × | – | 156 | 180 | 65 | 57 | 58 |
Zhang et al. [135] | China | × | – | 129 | 278 | 183 | 95 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [136] | China | × | – | 67 | 206 | 145 | 61 | 0 |
Zhong et al. [137] | China | × | – | 183 | 202 | 141 | 61 | 0 |
Zhou et al. [138] | China | × | – | 152 | 207 | 96 | 91 | 20 |
Zhou et al. [139] | China | × | – | 156 | 199 | 163 | 36 | 0 |
Zhou et al. [140] | China | × | – | 64 | 64 | 64 | 0 | 0 |
Oesophageal cancer only | ||||||||
Bagaria et al. [141] | India | × | – | 50 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Bai et al. [142] | China | × | – | 89 | 125 | 80 | 14 | 31 |
Bagaria et al. [143] | India | × | – | 50 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Brockmann et al. [144] | Germany | × | – | 50 | 150 | 50 | 100 | 0 |
Huang et al. [145] | China | × | – | 60 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
Jia et al. [146] | China | × | – | 101 | 98 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Liao et al. [147] | China | × | – | 151 | 230 | 194 | 36 | 0 |
Lukaszewicz-Zajac et al. [148] | Poland | × | – | 56 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0 |
Lv et al. [149] | China | × | – | 126 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
Pan et al. [150] | China | × | – | 50 | 110 | 60 | 50 | 0 |
Peng et al. [151] | China | × | – | 104 | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 |
Sudo et al. [152] | Japan | × | × | 283 | 9364 | 9203 | 161 | 0 |
Wang et al. [153] | China | × | – | 84 | 154 | 154 | 0 | 0 |
Xing et al. [154] | China | × | – | 169 | 154 | 80 | 74 | 0 |
Xu et al. [155] | China | × | – | 237 | 134 | 134 | 0 | 0 |
Xu et al. [156] | China | × | – | 70 | 80 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
Yan et al. [157] | China | × | – | 364 | 229 | 229 | 0 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [158] | China | × | – | 81 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [159] | China | × | – | 62 | 58 | 58 | 0 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [160] | China | × | – | 81 | 81 | 81 | 0 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [161] | China | × | – | 186 | 186 | 186 | 0 | 0 |
Zhang et al. [162] | China | × | – | 112 | 112 | 112 | 0 | 0 |
Zheng et al. [163] | China | × | – | 150 | 185 | 126 | 59 | 0 |
Zhou et al. [164] | China | – | × | 88 | 479 | 200 | 0 | 279 |
Biliary tract cancers only | ||||||||
Deng et al. [165] | China | × | – | 153 | 65 | 0 | 65 | 0 |
Leelawat et al. [166] | Thailand | × | – | 59 | 128 | 0 | 128 | 0 |
Wang et al. [167] | China | × | – | 78 | 156 | 78 | 78 | 0 |
More than one tumour type | ||||||||
Bagaria et al. [168] | India | × | – | 50 GC 50 OC | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Markar et al. [169] | UK | × | – | 163 GC or OC | 172d | 89 | 82 | 0 |
Ren et al. [170] | China | × | – | 1049 GC 268 OC 160 PaC | 1019 | 747 | 272 | 0 |
Schneider et al. [171] | Germany | U | U | 122 GC 86 OC | 53 | 53 | 0 | 0 |
References | Biomarkers | Design | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type (N) | Sample | Report | Sgl | 2-gate | ||||||||||
miRNA | Autoab | Protein | Metab | ctDNA | Othera | Serum | Plasma | Otherb | Ind | Comb | RFD | TGN | TGA | |
Gastric cancers only | ||||||||||||||
Cai et al. [23] | 15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Chen et al. [24] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Chen et al. [25] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Chung et al. [26] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Ding et al. [27] | 4 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Dong et al. [28] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | – | × | – |
Gantuya et al. [29] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Gwak et al. [30] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | – | × |
He et al. [31] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Hoshino et al. [32] | – | 6 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Huang et al. [33] | – | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
Huang et al. [34] | 5 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Huang et al. [35] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | U | U | U |
Iwasaki et al. [36] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | – | × | – |
Ji et al. [37] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | MB | – |
Juan Cai et al. [38] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | MB | MB |
Kaise et al. [39] | – | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Kang et al. [40] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – | – |
Kikuchi et al. [41] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Kim et al. [42] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
Kurilovich et al. [43] | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Li et al. [44] | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Li et al. [45] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | × | U |
Li et al. [46] | 3 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Li et al. [47] | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | × | – | × | – |
Li et al. [48] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | – | – |
Lim et al. [49] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | × |
Lim et al. [50] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | × |
Lin et al. [51] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | – | U | MB | U |
Liu et al. [52] | 2 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Liu et al. [53] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Liu et al. [54] | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Meistere et al. [55] | – | 18 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Mroczko et al. [56] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Ning et al. [57] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Oue et al. [58] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Pan et al. [59] | – | 1 | 5 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Park et al. [60] | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Parvaee et al. [61] | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Qin et al. [62] | – | 9 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Qiu et al. [63] | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Song et al. [64] | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Su et al. [65] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
Sun et al. [66] | – | 1 | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | – | – |
Tsalikidis et al. [67] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Wang et al. [68] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Wang et al. [69] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | U | U | U |
Wang et al. [70] | – | 6 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Wang et al. [71] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Werner et al. [72] | – | 14 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Wu et al. [73] | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Wu et al. [74] | – | – | 4 | – | U | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
Wu et al. [75] | – | – | 1 | – | – | 3 | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Yanaoka et al. [76] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Yang et al. [77] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | × | – | – |
Yang et al. [78] | 3 | – | 5 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | – | × |
Yoon et al. [79] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Yun et al. [80] | – | – | 1 | – | – | 2 | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | MB |
Zayakin et al. [81] | – | 45 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
Zhang et al. [82] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Zhang et al. [83] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | – | – | × |
Zhang et al. [84] | 5 | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | – | × |
Zhou et al. [85] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Zhou et al. [86] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | U | U | U |
Zhou et al. [87] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Pancreatic cancers only | ||||||||||||||
Akita et al. [88] | – | – | – | 4 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Balasenthil et al. [89] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | – |
Brand et al. [90] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Cao et al. [91] | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | U | U | U |
Capello et al. [92] | 6 | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Chung et al. [93] | – | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Chung et al. [94] | – | 1 | 20 | – | – | 1 | × | – | – | × | × | × | × | – |
Deng et al. [95] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Duraker et al. [96] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Firpo et al. [97] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | MB |
Fukutake et al. [98] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | × |
Gao et al. [99] | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Gold et al. [100] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
Gold et al. [101] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Groblewska et al. [102] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Guo et al. [103] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Honda et al. [104] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Honda et al. [105] | – | – | 3 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Honda et al. [106] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Jiang et al. [107] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Kaur et al. [108] | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | × | – | – | |
Kim et al. [109] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Kuwatani et al. [110] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
LeCalvez-Kelm et al. [111] | – | – | – | – | 3 | – | – | × | – | – | × | U | × | U |
Lee et al. [112] | – | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Liao et al. [113] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Liu et al. [114] | 7 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | MB | × | MB |
Liu et al. [115] | 7 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
Liu et al. [116] | – | – | 11 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Matsubara et al. [117] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | MB | U |
Mayerle et al. [118] | – | – | 1 | 9 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | MB | – | MB |
Mellby et al. [119] | 1 | 5 | 20 | 3 | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | × | – | – |
Mizuno et al. [120] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | × |
O'Brien et al. [121] | 1 | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Park et al. [122] | – | – | 9 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | MB | U |
Park et al. [123] | – | – | 5 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | × |
Peng et al. [124] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Poruk et al. [125] | – | – | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | MB |
Ritchie et al. [126] | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Rychlikova et al. [127] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | U | MB |
Sakai et al. [128] | 56 | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | × | – | × | × | – | × | MB |
Song et al. [129] | – | 3 | 3 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Tachezy et al. [130] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | × | U |
Talar-Wojnarowska et al. [131] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | MB | U |
Tavano et al. [132] | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Ward et al. [133] | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Xu et al. [134] | 8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Zhang et al. [135] | – | 2 | 3 | 1 | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | U | U | U |
Zhang et al. [136] | – | – | – | 6 | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Zhong et al. [137] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Zhou et al. [138] | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | × | – | – |
Zhou et al. [139] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Zhou et al. [140] | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Oesophageal cancers only | ||||||||||||||
Bagaria et al. [141] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Bai et al. [142] | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Bagaria et al. [143] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Brockmann et al. [144] | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | × |
Huang et al. [145] | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | MB | – |
Jia et al. [146] | 1 | – | 6 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Liao et al. [147] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Lukaszewicz-Zajac et al. [148] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Lv et al. [149] | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Pan et al. [150] | – | 4 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | × | U |
Peng et al. [151] | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | MB | – |
Sudo et al. [152] | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | × |
Wang et al. [153] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Xing et al. [154] | 2 | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Xu et al. [155] | – | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Xu et al. [156] | – | 5 | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Yan et al. [157] | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | – | × | – |
Zhang et al. [158] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Zhang et al. [159] | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Zhang et al. [160] | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | U | U | U |
Zhang et al. [161] | – | 6 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | – | × | – | × | – |
Zhang et al. [162] | – | 2 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Zheng et al. [163] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | × |
Zhou et al. [164] | – | 8 | – | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | – | × |
Biliary tract cancers only | ||||||||||||||
Deng et al. [165] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | – | × |
Leelawat et al. [166] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | – | × | – | – |
Wang et al. [167] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | MB | × | – |
More than one tumour type | ||||||||||||||
Bagaria et al. [168] | – | – | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Markar et al. [169] | – | – | – | – | – | 5 | – | – | × | – | × | MB | – | – |
Ren et al. [170] | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | U | U | U |
Schneider et al. [171] | – | – | 4 | – | – | – | × | – | – | × | × | – | × | – |
Characteristics of Cases and Controls
Types of Biomarkers
Biomarker | Pancreatic cancer | Gastric cancer | Oesophageal cancer | Biliary tract cancer |
---|---|---|---|---|
MicroRNAs and other RNAs (including protein coding genes) | ||||
miR-21 | – | – | ||
miR-20a | – | – | – | |
miR-25 | – | – | ||
miR-296-5p | – | – | – | |
miR-210 | – | – | – | |
miR-1 | – | – | – | |
miR-106b | – | – | – | |
miR-106b-3p | – | – | – | |
miR-126-3p | – | – | – | |
miR-1285 | – | – | – | |
miR-132-3p | – | – | – | |
miR-16 | – | – | – | |
miR-214 | – | – | – | |
miR-221 | – | – | – | |
miR-223 | – | – | – | |
miR-26b-3p | – | – | – | |
miR-27a | – | – | – | |
miR-376c | – | – | – | |
miR-423-5p | – | – | – | |
miR-486-5p | – | – | – | |
miR-744 | – | – | – | |
miR-938 | – | – | – | |
REG3A | – | – | – | |
Autoantibodies and other immunological markers | ||||
p53 | – | – | ||
C-Myc | – | – | ||
p62 | – | – | ||
New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1 or CTAG1A) | – | – | – | |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Antigen (SCC-Antigen) | – | – | – | |
Antibodies against Helicobacter pylori (HpAb) | – | – | – | |
BMI-1 | – | – | – | |
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) | – | – | – | |
Immunoglobin G galactosylation ratio (IgG- Gal-ratio) | – | – | – | |
IMP1 | – | – | – | |
Koc | – | – | – | |
MIC | – | – | – | |
NPM1 | – | – | – | |
P16 | – | – | – | |
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prx6) | – | – | – | |
Other proteins | ||||
CA19-9 | 35a | 20b | – | |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | 27c | |||
CA125 | – | |||
CA724 | – | – | ||
Pepsinogen I (PGI) | – | – | – | |
Pepsinogen II (PGII) | – | – | – | |
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) | – | – | ||
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) | – | – | ||
Osteopontin | – | – | ||
CYFRA21-1 | – | – | – | |
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | – | – | – | |
Apolipoprotein AII-AT (apoAII-AT) | – | – | – | |
Apolipoprotein AII-ATQ (apoAII-ATQ) | – | – | – | |
CA242 | – | – | – | |
CEACAM-1 | – | – | – | |
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | – | – | – | |
Interleukin-8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) | – | – | – | |
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) | – | – | – | |
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP2) | – | – | – | |
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) | – | – | – | |
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | – | – | – | |
Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) | – | – | – | |
Trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) | – | – | – | |
Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) | – | – | – | |
Thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) | – | – | – | |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) | – | – | – | |
Metabolic markers | ||||
Histidine | – | – | – | |
Alanine | – | – | – | |
Asparagine | – | – | – | |
Isoleucine | – | – | – | |
PC-594 | – | – | – | |
Phosphatidylcholine-C18.0-C22.6 | – | – | – | |
Serine | – | – | – | |
Tryptophan | – | – | – |
Measures of Diagnostic Performance
References | Recruitment setting | Cases | Controls | Outcomes (Sensitivity, specificity, AUC where available) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Measures of diagnostic performance available for individual biomarkers, in studies adopting a single-gate design | ||||
Apolipoprotein AII-AT/ATQ alone and in combination with CA19-9 (pancreatic cancer) | ||||
Honda et al. [106] | EPIC cohort (population-based study) | 156 PaC Median age 58.1 (34.9–75.7) 53% male Staging: 13 localised, 73 metastatic, 69 NA | 213 HC Median age 58.0 (34.5–75.4) 53% male (matched to cases) | Measures for months prior to diagnosis (lag times): up to 6 months, > 6–18, 18, > 18–36 and > 36–40 months For ApoAII-AT/ATQ alone, 2 cut-off points Sensitivity, range 0.04–0.25 AUC, range 0.52–0.62 For ApoAII-AT/ATQ plus CA19-9, 2 cut-off points Sensitivity, range 0.07–0.57 Specificity, range 0.96–0.98 AUC, range 0.56–0.78 |
Honda et al. [105] | Cohort 1: National Cancer Centre Hospital | 131 IDACP Mean age 68.8 (9.01) 55% male Staging: most at advanced stages | 131 HC Mean age 62.5 (10.8) 52% male | Measures for ELISA and mass spectrometric analysis, also according to tumour staging For ApoAII-ATQ/AT alone, 1 cut-off point AUC, range 0.856–0.946 For ApoAII-AT/ATQ plus CA19-9, 1 cut-off point each Sensitivity, 95.4% (cohort 2) Specificity, 98.3% (cohort 2) |
Cohort 2: Seven Medical Institutions | 155 IDACP Age and sex NA Staging: majority advanced stages | 57 pancreatic disease other than IDACP Age and sex NA | ||
Cohort 3: NCI-EDRN pancreatic reference set | 98 PaC Age and sex NA Staging: all early stages | 62 CP, 31 acute benign biliary obstruction, 61 HC Age and sex NA | ||
Honda et al. [104] | Cohort 1: National Cancer Hospital and Medical University Hospital | Does not meet criteria as used to calculate first measures of performance | Does not meet criteria as used to calculate first measures of performance | Measures provided according to tumour staging For ApoAII-AT/ATQ alone, 1 cut-off point AUC, 0.953 (cohort 3) For ApoAII-AT/ATQ plus CIII-0, and CA19-9, 1 cut-off point (cohort 4) Sensitivity, range 91.60–94.20% Specificity, 93.22% (same for all) |
Cohort 2: National Cancer Hospital | Does not meet criteria as there were only 41 controls | Does not meet criteria as there were only 41 controls | ||
Cohort 3: Department of General Surgery | 52 PaC Mean age 63.1 (9.85) 56% male Staging NA | 53 HC and 58 CP HC mean age 39.1 (15.6), CP 50.3 (8.9) HC 59% male, CP 74% male | ||
Cohort 4: Seven Medical Institutions | 249 PDAC and 18 other malignant tumour of the pancreas PDAC mean age 64.4 (9.1), other 68.3 (9.7) PDAC 59% male, other 67% male Staging NA | 128 HC, 38 benign tumour/cyst and 14 CP HC mean 46.6 (16.8), benign tumour/cyst 63.5 (11.0), CP 60.2 (10.2) HC 65% male, benign tumour/cyst 45% male, CP 86% male | ||
Pepsinogen (PGI and PGI/II ratio) (gastric cancer) | ||||
Gantuya et al. [29] | National Cancer Centre Hospital | 50 GC (54% w/ H. pylori) No information on age and sex Staging NA | 752 non-cancer (302 antrum limited CG and/or atrophy and 450 corpus CG and/or atrophy (77% w/ H. pylori Mean age: 53.8 (SD 1, 27–78) 31% male | For PGI, optimal cut-off point Sensitivity, 70% Specificity, 70% AUC, 0.76 For PGI/II ratio, optimal cut-off point Sensitivity, 66% Specificity, 65% AUC, 0.70 |
Kang et al. [40] | National University Hospital | 380 GC (intestinal and diffuse type) Age and sex not available for cases only No information on staging | 172 BGU, 119 DU, 107 dysplasia Age and sex not available for controls only | Measures according to tumour type only (intestinal or diffuse) For PGI, 1 cut-off point Sensitivity, 77.7% (intestinal), 64.7% (diffuse) Specificity, 20.2% (intestinal), 20.2% (diffuse) For PGI/II ratio, 1 cut-off point Sensitivity, 62.3% (intestinal), 55.8% (diffuse) Specificity, 61.0% (intestinal), 61.0% (diffuse) |
Kikuchi et al. [41] | University Outpatient Clinic | 122 GC Age: 68.2 years (9.7) 74% male Staging NA | 16 GU or DU, 17 superficial gastritis, 66 CAG, 79 no abnormality Age: 56.2 years (14.9) 55% male | Measures combining normal and non-malignant conditions Negative or positive PG test For PGI and PGI/II ratio, strict or conventional cut-off point Sensitivity, 41.3% (strict), 77.9% (conventional) Specificity, 90.4% (strict), 61.8% (conventional) |
Yanaoka et al. [76] | Employees in annual health screening programme | 63 GC Age: 50.3–51.8 (mean range) 100% male 86% early, 14% late stages | 5146 HC Mean age: 49.2 (4.7) 100% male | or PGI and PGI/II ratio, 3 cut-off points Sensitivity, range 27.0–58.7% Specificity, range 73.4–92.0% |
2. Measures of diagnostic performance available for established biomarkers combined with novel biomarkers not shown above, in studies adopting a single-gate design | ||||
CA19-9 (pancreatic cancer) | ||||
O’Brien et al. [121] | UKCTOCS screening cohort | 101 PaC Age NA for validation 100% female Staging NA | 184 HC Age N/A for validation 100% female | Measures according to time to diagnosis: 0–4 years, 0–2 years; 1–4 years For CA19-9 (4 cut-off points) plus CA125 (3 cut-off points) Sensitivity, range 23.1–53.1% Specificity, range 71.6–92.6% |
Tavano et al. [132] | Hospital (Gastroenterology, Surgery & Oncology) | 74 PaC Median age 69 (61–76) 54% male Staging NA for validation | 117 HC Median age 62 (55–70) 45% male | For CA19-9 plus miR-1290, 1 cut-off point (each) Sensitivity, 83.8% Specificity, 96.6% AUC, 0.923 |
Zhou et al. [138] | Gastroenterology Department in Hospital | 152 PaC Mean age 56 (SD 13.5) 67% male Staging: 5 IA, 12 IB, 36 IIA, 20 IIB, 40 III, 39 IV | 96 HC, 91 CP, 20 pre-malignancies Mean age: HC 58 (7.6), CP 58 (15.0), pre-malignancies 60 (11.3) HC 75% male; CP 57% male; pre-malignancy 75% male | For CA19-9 plus MIC-1 and ULBP2, 1 cut-off point (each) AUC 0.982 (PaC and CP only) For CA19-9 plus MIC-1, 1 cut-off point (each) AUC 0.932 (PaC and CP only) For CA19-9 plus ULBP2, 1 cut-off point (each) AUC 0.953 (PaC and CP only) |
3. Measures of diagnostic performance available for a panel only in studies adopting a single-gate design (all reversed-flow) | ||||
Different panels (pancreatic cancer)a | ||||
Balasenthil et al. [89] | NCI-EDRN pancreatic reference set | 98 PaC (52 w/o diabetes or pancreatitis) Age and sex not available Staging: 7 IA, 8 IB, 1 II, 40 IIA and 42 IIB | 62 CP, 31 acute biliary obstruction, 61 HC (50 w/o diabetes or pancreatitis) Age and sex not available | Measures for PaC vs. HC, PaC vs. CP, PaC w/o diabetes or pancreatitis vs. HC w/o diabetes or pancreatitis, and according to staging For CA19-9 plus TFPI and TNC-FN III-C, 2 cut-off points Sensitivity, range 0.73–0.81 Specificity, range 0.71–0.84 AUC, range 0.75–0.89 |
Mellby et al. [119] | Patients referred to Medical Centre for symptomatic pancreatic disease | 2 cohorts; one for validation (US cohort) 143 PaC patients Median age only by staging; range 24–87 57% male Staging: 15 I, 75 II, 15 III and 38 IV | 219 HC, 57 CP HC median age 63.0 (24–86), CP 55.5 (32–81) HC 53% male, CP 46% male | Measures available for stages I + II combined For 29-panel signature (no established biomarkers): Sensitivity, 95% Specificity, 93% AUC, 0.963 (PaC vs. HC) and 0.840 (Pac vs. CP) |