Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the destruction of affected joints. Numerous cytokines play the important role in the RA pathogenesis, which initiate and maintenance the inflammatory response in joints.
Interleukin-17A is one member of a cytokine family consisting of six cytokines: IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E, and IL-17F. Both IL-17A and IL-17F are secreted by Th17 cells and other immune cells, including innate lymphoid cells [1]. Interleukin-17A is significantly more potent than IL-17F, whereas the IL-17A/IL-17F heterodimer has intermediate activity [2]. Both IL-17A and IL-17F use the IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA)-IL-17RC heterodimer for their signaling, although IL-17A binds IL-17RA with much higher affinity [3].
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IL-17A and IL-17F bind to a receptor complex consisting of two IL-17RA chains and one IL-17RC subunit. IL-17RA is highly expressed on hematopoietic cells, but also on osteoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. In humans, IL-17RA can form a heterodimer with IL-17RC that binds human IL-17A and IL-17F [4]. All IL-17 receptors contain extracellular domains composed of fibronectin type-III domains, and cytoplasmic SEF/IL-17R domains. IL-17 receptor stimulation results in activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. These signaling properties of IL-17 receptors enable TH-17 cells to act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune cells [5].
The prevalence of IL-17 cells is increased in the circulation of patients with RA; these cells produce higher quantities of IL-17 after stimulation [6]. IL-17 is also present at the sites of inflammatory arthritis and amplifies the inflammation induced by other cytokines and, in particular, TNF-α. In a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, the disease is mainly mediated by IL-17 because IL-17 deficiency, or treatment with IL-17RA antagonist or with IL-17-neutralizing antibody before disease onset, attenuates arthritis with decreased joint damage and reduced serum IL-6 [7]. Previous reports have linked IL-17 to the pathogenesis of RA. The increased expression of IL-17 mRNA and IL-17 protein were detected in joints from RA patients [8, 9]. Moreover, the correlations between serum and synovial fluid levels of IL-17 with various disease activity markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and rheumatoid factor (RF) were shown in RA patients. Likewise, the correlation between serum IL-17 levels and DAS28 was observed [10]. In IL17 gene several polymorphisms have been detected, that may influence the expression of IL-17. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the polymorphisms in IL17A and IL17F genes and rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods
Subjects
We examined 422 patients (340 female, 82 male, mean age 57.5 ± 12.4 years) with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed according to the criteria of American College of Rheumatology/European League against Rheumatism [11]. Consenting RA patients treated between 2010 and 2013 in the Department of Rheumatology, County Hospital in Szczecin, Poland were enrolled to the study. The patients with other autoimmunological disease and neoplasmatic diseases were excluded from the study. All subjects were Caucasian from the Pomeranian region of Poland. The subjects enrolled in the study underwent routine biochemical blood analysis, and when required, assays for anticardiolipin antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and immunological complexes. X-rays of the chest, hands, and feet were obtained in all patients and, when required, radiographs of other joints. These were interpreted by two expert radiologists. The evaluation of the subjects included physical examination, with particular focus on the pattern of joint involvement and the occurrence of extra-articular manifestations (such as vasculitis, anemia, sicca syndrome, amyloidosis, organ involvement) and laboratory features, such as rheumatoid factor (RF). The patients were treated with low doses of methotrexate and glucocorticosteroids. The control group was selected randomly from the population of Pomeranian region of Poland and consisted of healthy Caucasian 337 subjects, (261 female, 76 male) without autoimmunological diseases (mean age 60.6 ± 15.4 years). The study was approved by the ethics committee in Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Genotyping
DNA was extracted from 200 μL of whole blood samples using a GeneMATRIX Quick Blood DNA Purification Kit (EURx, Poland). SNPs within the IL17A (rs2275913) and IL17F (rs763780, rs11465553, rs2397084) were genotyped using TaqMan genotyping assays from Life Technologies Genomic. Fluorescence data were captured using a 7500 FAST Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA).
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Statistical analysis
Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to compare genotype and allele frequencies between the study groups and to analyze associations of clinical characteristics of RA patients with genotypes. Age at onset of RA was compared between genotype groups with Kruskal-Wallis test. Haploview 4.2 software was used for haplotype analysis, D’ and r2 calculation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The power of the study to detect an association of the analyzed SNPs with presence of RA was estimated using the PS program ver. 3.0.43. The study sample size was sufficient to detect with 80 % probability the true effect size of differences in allele frequencies between groups measured as odds ratio (OR) equal to 0.736 or 1.347 for rs2275913, 0.302 or 2.106 for rs763780, 0.435 or 1.822 for rs11465553 and 0.593 or 1.543 for rs2397084.
Results
The distribution of IL17A and IL17F genotypes and alleles
The distributions of IL17A and IL17F genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and are shown in Table 1. As shown in the Table 1 there were no significant differences in distribution of IL17A and IL17F genotypes and alleles between RA patients and control group.
Table 1
The distribution of IL17A and IL17F genotypes in RA patients and control group
RA patients | Control group |
p
a
|
p
b
| OR (95 % CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % |
n
| % | |||||
IL17A rs2275913 genotype | ||||||||
GG | 173 | 41.49 | 118 | 35.01 | 0.17 | AA + AG vs GG | 0.072 | 0.76 (0.56-1.02) |
AG | 193 | 46.28 | 169 | 50.15 | AA vs AG + GG | 0.33 | 0.80 (0.53-1.22) | |
AA | 51 | 12.23 | 50 | 14.84 | AA vs GG | 0.13 | 0.70 (0.44-1.10) | |
AG vs GG | 0.13 | 0.78 (0.57-1.06) | ||||||
AA vs AG | 0.65 | 0.89 (0.57-1.39) | ||||||
IL17A rs2275913 allele | ||||||||
G | 539 | 64.63 | 405 | 60.09 | ||||
A | 295 | 35.37 | 269 | 39.91 | A vs G | 0.077 | 0.82 (0.67-1.02) | |
IL17F rs763780 genotype | ||||||||
TT | 385 | 91.23 | 318 | 94.08 | 0.33 | CC + CT vs TT | 0.17 | 1.53 (0.87-2.69) |
CT | 35 | 8.29 | 19 | 5.62 | CC vs CT + TT | 1.00 | 1.60 (0.14-17.77) | |
CC | 2 | 0.47 | 1 | 0.30 | CC vs TT | 1.00 | 1.65 (0.15-18.30) | |
CT vs TT | 0.16 | 1.52 (0.85-2.71) | ||||||
CC vs CT | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.09-12.77) | ||||||
IL17F rs763780 allele | ||||||||
T | 805 | 95.38 | 655 | 96.89 | ||||
C | 39 | 4.62 | 21 | 3.11 | C vs T | 0.15 | 1.51 (0.88-2.59) | |
IL17F rs11465553 genotype | ||||||||
CC | 379 | 89.81 | 303 | 89.64 | 0.96 | TT + CT vs CC | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.61-1.57) |
CT | 43 | 10.19 | 35 | 10.36 | TT vs CT + CC | - | ||
TT | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | TT vs CC | - | ||
CT vs CC | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.61-1.57) | ||||||
TT vs CT | - | |||||||
IL17F rs11465553 allele | ||||||||
C | 801 | 94.91 | 641 | 94.82 | ||||
T | 43 | 5.09 | 35 | 5.18 | T vs C | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.62-1.55) | |
IL17F rs2397084 genotype | ||||||||
TT | 337 | 79.86 | 268 | 79.29 | 0.13 | CC + CT vs TT | 0.86 | 0.97 (0.68-1.38) |
CT | 83 | 19.67 | 63 | 18.64 | CC vs CT + TT | 0.086 | 0.23 (0.05-1.09) | |
CC | 2 | 0.47 | 7 | 2.07 | CC vs TT | 0.086 | 0.23 (0.05-1.10) | |
CT vs TT | 0.85 | 1.05 (0.73-1.51) | ||||||
CC vs CT | 0.079 | 0.22 (0.04-1.08) | ||||||
IL17F rs2397084 allele | ||||||||
T | 757 | 89.69 | 599 | 88.61 | ||||
C | 87 | 10.31 | 77 | 11.39 | C vs T | 0.51 | 0.89 (0.65-1.24) | |
The parameters of clinical course of RA
The associations between studied polymorphisms and clinical parameters of RA were analyzed. There were no significant associations between IL17A and IL17F genotypes and age of disease diagnosis, rheumatoid factor, erosive disease as well as extra-articular manifestations (Table 2).
Table 2
Analysis of IL17 genotypes in relation to age of disease diagnosis, presence of rheumatoid factor, erosive disease and extra-articular manifestations in RA patients
Genotype | Age of disease diagnosis | Rheumatoid Factor positive | Erosive RA | Extra-articular manifestations | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean [years] | SD |
p
a
| (%) |
p
b
| (%) |
p
b
| (%) |
p
b
| |
IL17A rs2275913 | |||||||||
GG | 46.6 | 13.3 | 0.56 | 72.02 | 0.35 | 80.23 | 0.64 | 14.45 | 0.25 |
AG | 48.1 | 13.2 | 78.61 | 81.87 | 19.69 | ||||
AA | 46.6 | 12.8 | 74.00 | 76.00 | 11.76 | ||||
IL17F rs763780 | |||||||||
TT | 47.3 | 13.2 | 0.69 | 75.60 | 0.70 | 80.16 | 0.52 | 16.10 | 0.14 |
CT | 49.0 | 12.2 | 74.29 | 82.86 | 28.57 | ||||
CC | 44.5 | 33.2 | 50.00 | 50.00 | 0.00 | ||||
IL17F rs11465553 | |||||||||
CC | 47.5 | 13.4 | 0.63 | 75.27 | 1.00 | 79.84 | 0.69 | 18.21 | 0.084 |
CT | 46.7 | 12.0 | 76.19 | 83.72 | 6.98 | ||||
IL17F rs2397084 | |||||||||
TT | 47.6 | 13.1 | 0.69 | 75.08 | 0.04*
| 80.06 | 0.78 | 16.62 | 0.69 |
CT | 46.4 | 14.0 | 78.48 | 80.49 | 19.28 | ||||
CC | 50.5 | 6.4 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Haplotype analysis
Because IL17A and IL17F genes are located near chromosome 6, we expected that analyzed genetic variants are in linkage disequlibrium making the haplotypes. Our analysis revealed that 3 pairs of polymorphisms are in total linkage disequlibrium (D’ = 1) and 3 pairs in strong linkage disequlibrium (Table 3). In the studied population we have detected 7 haplotype variants (Table 4). As shown in table 4 there were no statistically significant differences in haplotype distribution between RA patients and control group.
Table 3
The linkage disequlibrium between loci
Locus 1 | Locus 2 | D’ |
r
2
| Distance (bp) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
rs2275913 | rs763780 | 0.897 | 0.02 | 50706 |
rs2275913 | rs11465553 | 0.839 | 0.023 | 50725 |
rs2275913 | rs2397084 | 0.587 | 0.025 | 50811 |
rs763780 | rs11465553 | 1 | 0.002 | 19 |
rs763780 | rs2397084 | 1 | 0.005 | 105 |
rs11465553 | rs2397084 | 1 | 0.007 | 86 |
Table 4
Haplotype frequencies in RA patients and controls
Haplotype | Frequencies |
p* | |
|---|---|---|---|
RA | Control | ||
GTCT | 0.464 | 0.424 | 0.12 |
ATCT | 0.336 | 0.379 | 0.08 |
GTCC | 0.089 | 0.097 | 0.60 |
GTTT | 0.048 | 0.049 | 0.93 |
GCCT | 0.045 | 0.031 | 0.16 |
ATCC | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.61 |
ACCT | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.81 |
Discussion
In this study we analyzed the associations between IL17A and IL17F gene polymorphisms and RA. There were no statistically significant associations IL17A and IL17F genotypes and the probability of RA development and clinical parameters of disease. Our results seem to be concordant with data of a large genome-wide association study meta-analysis suggesting that IL17 is not one of RA associated loci [12].
The important role of IL-17 in RA pathogenesis and development of inflammatory status has been confirmed by numerous studies. In the early stages of RA IL-17 contributes to increased angiogenesis by stimulating fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) to produce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [13]. Moreover, IL-17 enhanced the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-8, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) from synovial fibroblasts [14]. IL-17 increased also the secretion of cytokines (IL-1β, TNFa, IL-6) by macrophages upon stimulation with recombinant protein [15]. Synergism between IL-17A and TNF has been shown in synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes from RA patients [16]. Both IL-17A and TNF up-regulate production of vascular endothelial growth factor in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. IL-17A promotes joint inflammation, cartilage degradation and bone erosion, which is consistent with data from experimental models of arthritis [17, 18]. In addition to the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-17 increased production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, −2, −9, and −13. The IL-17 also stimulates the expression of various chemokines which can recruit neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the synovium, enhancing inflammation with more severe joint damage [19, 20].
In mice model of arthritis IL-17 enhanced synovial inflammation, and joint destruction [21]. Additionally, the Th17 cytokine increased bone erosion during collagen arthritis in murine synovium. IL-17 significantly increased the RANKL/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio [22].
The inhibition of IL-17 also significantly reduced bone erosion in a mouse experimental arthritis model by reducing the levels of RANKL, IL-1, and TNF-α [16]. The bone-destructive role of IL-17 is mainly mediated by enhanced RANKL production by osteoblasts, synovial cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Kikuta et al. demonstrated that Th17 cells could activate mature osteoclasts into a bone-resorbing state [23]. Thus it is likely that Th17 cells in rheumatoid synovium, not only stimulate osteoclast differentiation by M-CSF and RANKL production in osteoclast-supporting cells via IL-17 secretion, but also directly activate osteoclast bone resorption via cell-cell contact as RANKL-producing T cells.
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So far IL17 gene polymorphisms were not widely investigated in RA patients. Nordang et al. examined the association between IL17A gene polymorphisms and RA in patients from Norway and New Zealand [24]. A weak association between RA and the promoter SNP rs2275913 was found in the Norwegian population. This association was not replicated in the RA cohort from New Zealand.
Furuya et al. studied the associations between human leukocyte antigen DRB1 (HLA-DRB1) shared epitope, RANK, RANK ligand, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and interleukin 17 (IL17) genotypes with age of disease onset and radiographic progression in Japanese patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [25]. IL17 gene (rs3804513) polymorphism was associated with radiographic progression at 2 years.
Paradowska-Gorycka et al. investigated the association between RA and (rs763780, rs2397084) polymorphism of IL17F gene in Polish RA patients [26]. Overall, the polymorphisms of the IL17F gene were not correlated with susceptibility to RA in Polish population. However, the IL17F (rs763780) polymorphism was associated with parameters of disease activity, such as number of tender joints, HAQ score or DAS-28-CRP. Moreover, IL17F gene (rs2397084) polymorphism correlated with longer disease duration in patients with RA.
In our study IL17A and IL17F gene polymorphisms were not the factors associated with susceptibility to RA, moreover there were not the statistically significant associations between these polymorphisms and age of disease diagnosis, rheumatoid factor, joint erosions, extra-articular manifestations.
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Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that IL17A and IL17F gene polymorphism are not the important factors associated with susceptibility and some clinical parameters of RA in a Polish population. Nevertheless this hypothesis requires further investigations.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the local ethics committee, written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, statement KB-0012/175/13).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The raw data for this study is available on request from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
Not applicable.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
AP study design, clinical data analysis, drafted the manuscript, DK clinical data analysis, participated in the design and coordination, DM molecular genetic analysis, VD molecular genetic analysis, MC molecular genetic analysis, KS statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.