Background
Methods
Recruitment
Data sources
Follow-up
Cause of death
Statistical analysis
Results
Men | Illiterate (n = 15091) | Primary school (n = 33549) | Middle school (n = 26075) | Secondary school (n = 8308) | College (n = 5635) | Total (N = 88658) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups
| ||||||
35 to 39 | 3.9% | 7.5% | 13.2% | 13.6% | 12.1% | 9.4% |
40 to 44 | 3.9% | 7.0% | 10.2% | 11.3% | 9.1% | 7.9% |
45 to 49 | 24.4% | 23.1% | 30.3% | 33.1% | 29.0% | 26.7% |
50 to 54 | 18.6% | 15.6% | 16.1% | 15.1% | 14.3% | 16.1% |
55 to 59 | 13.8% | 13.1% | 10.9% | 10.0% | 11.3% | 12.2% |
60 to 64 | 14.6% | 12.6% | 8.8% | 6.7% | 9.3% | 11.1% |
65 to 69 | 9.2% | 9.5% | 5.3% | 4.9% | 6.5% | 7.6% |
70 & up | 11.5% | 11.6% | 5.3% | 5.3% | 8.3% | 8.9% |
Religion
| ||||||
Hindu | 68.5% | 77.1% | 79.1% | 81.9% | 79.6% | 76.8% |
Muslim | 25.7% | 15.4% | 14.1% | 8.4% | 14.1% | 16.0% |
Buddhist | 4.7% | 4.8% | 3.6% | 4.3% | 1.8% | 4.2% |
Christian | 1.0% | 2.4% | 2.8% | 4.1% | 3.4% | 2.5% |
Others | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 1.3% | 1.1% | 0.4% |
Mother tongue
| ||||||
Marathi | 37.1% | 57.9% | 59.1% | 69.5% | 53.4% | 55.5% |
Hindi | 34.2% | 13.8% | 15.2% | 8.1% | 9.8% | 16.9% |
Gujarati | 4.2% | 10.2% | 11.1% | 6.2% | 19.1% | 9.6% |
Urdu | 13.1% | 9.4% | 6.6% | 6.9% | 7.6% | 8.9% |
South Indian | 11.3% | 8.5% | 7.8% | 8.9% | 9.9% | 8.9% |
Others | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
BMI**(kg/m
2
)
| ||||||
Normal | 64.1% | 62.3% | 61.7% | 63.3% | 60.3% | 62.4% |
Thin | 12.9% | 10.1% | 7.7% | 6.0% | 4.7% | 9.2% |
Very Thin | 5.1% | 4.6% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 3.9% |
Extremely Thin | 5.5% | 5.1% | 3.7% | 2.8% | 1.6% | 4.3% |
Overweight | 10.9% | 15.7% | 20.2% | 22.4% | 26.7% | 17.5% |
Obese | 1.5% | 2.3% | 3.2% | 3.0% | 5.2% | 2.7% |
Tobacco usage
| ||||||
Never-user | 21.6% | 23.8% | 35.5% | 37.3% | 55.2% | 30.1% |
Smokeless | 39.9% | 42.8% | 37.0% | 35.3% | 20.3% | 38.5% |
Smoker | 14.8% | 18.6% | 14.0% | 17.5% | 17.1% | 16.4% |
Both*** | 23.8% | 14.8% | 13.5% | 10.0% | 7.5% | 15.0% |
Women
|
Illiterate
(n = 26959)
|
Primary school
(n = 20850)
|
Middle school
(n = 8196)
|
Secondary school
(n = 2536)
|
College
(n = 974)
|
Total
(N = 59515)
|
Age groups
| ||||||
35 to 39 | 14.6% | 27.4% | 42.7% | 47.5% | 44.4% | 24.8% |
40 to 44 | 12.9% | 19.2% | 22.5% | 20.0% | 22.4% | 16.9% |
45 to 49 | 14.9% | 16.9% | 14.4% | 11.4% | 11.3% | 15.4% |
50 to 54 | 15.6% | 12.8% | 9.5% | 7.8% | 8.1% | 13.3% |
55 to 59 | 12.5% | 9.0% | 5.6% | 5.3% | 5.1% | 9.9% |
60 to 64 | 13.1% | 7.3% | 3.1% | 4.6% | 4.5% | 9.2% |
65 to 69 | 7.4% | 4.0% | 1.4% | 2.1% | 2.4% | 5.1% |
70 & up | 8.9% | 3.5% | 0.9% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 5.5% |
Religion
| ||||||
Hindu | 79.2% | 83.8% | 85.6% | 84.1% | 85.9% | 82.0% |
Muslim | 8.0% | 5.6% | 5.9% | 4.1% | 3.6% | 6.7% |
Buddhist | 11.4% | 5.2% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 1.1% | 7.6% |
Christian | 1.2% | 4.7% | 4.3% | 7.1% | 5.5% | 3.1% |
Others | 0.2% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 1.7% | 3.8% | 0.6% |
Mother tongue
| ||||||
Marathi | 74.2% | 75.6% | 78.9% | 74.7% | 70.6% | 75.3% |
Hindi | 10.0% | 4.0% | 6.1% | 1.8% | 4.9% | 6.9% |
Gujarati | 4.7% | 6.9% | 4.1% | 6.0% | 8.2% | 5.5% |
Urdu | 4.0% | 4.0% | 2.4% | 3.4% | 2.7% | 3.8% |
South Indian | 6.7% | 9.1% | 7.7% | 12.6% | 13.0% | 8.0% |
Others | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% |
BMI**(kg/m
2
)
| ||||||
Normal | 52.4% | 50.5% | 50.1% | 52.3% | 48.0% | 51.4% |
Thin | 11.2% | 7.6% | 7.7% | 5.8% | 4.1% | 9.1% |
Very Thin | 5.4% | 3.4% | 3.9% | 3.3% | 1.4% | 4.3% |
Extremely Thin | 7.8% | 4.3% | 4.2% | 2.5% | 1.5% | 5.7% |
Overweight | 18.0% | 25.8% | 25.9% | 27.8% | 34.4% | 22.5% |
Obese | 5.1% | 8.4% | 8.2% | 8.3% | 10.5% | 6.9% |
Tobacco usage
| ||||||
Never-user | 25.4% | 45.8% | 58.6% | 74.0% | 89.3% | 40.3% |
Smokeless | 73.8% | 53.9% | 41.3% | 25.9% | 10.5% | 59.3% |
Smoker | 0.4% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Both*** | 0.3% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% |
Men | Illiterate | Primary school | Middle school | Secondary school | College |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of deaths | 1904 | 4507 | 2197 | 597 | 384 |
Major causes of death (column %) | Cardiovascular (23.5) Respiratory (10.8) Other medical (10.4) Tuberculosis (7.4) Cancer (4.2) | Cardiovascular (32.5) Other medical (11.0) Respiratory (9.1) Tuberculosis (7.5) Cancer (5.9) | Cardiovascular (33.5) Other medical (10.8) Respiratory (8.6) Tuberculosis (7.4) Cancer (6.1) | Cardiovascular (31.3) Other medical (12.9) Tuberculosis (8.4) Cancer (7.0) Respiratory (6.7) | Cardiovascular (38.0) Other medical (9.4) Cancer (7.8) Tuberculosis (5.2) Respiratory (4.4) |
Women
|
Illiterate
|
Primary school
|
Middle school
|
Secondary school
|
College
|
Number of deaths | 2417 | 762 | 160 | 54 | 19 |
Major causes of death (column %) | Cardiovascular (29.8) Other medical (14.0) Respiratory (13.4) Tuberculosis (5.7) Cancer (4.5) | Cardiovascular (30.7) Other medical (15.1) Tuberculosis (10.6) Respiratory (7.6) Cancer (6.0) | Cardiovascular (24.4) Other medical (14.4) Tuberculosis (11.3) Respiratory (10.0) Cancer (9.4) | Cardiovascular (44.4) Other medical (18.5) Tuberculosis (9.3) Respiratory (5.6) Cancer (3.7) | Cardiovascular (36.8) Tuberculosis (15.8) Cancer (10.5) Respiratory (5.3) Other medical (5.3) |
Men | Illiterate | Primary school | Middle school | Secondary school | College |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person years
| 69,064 | 165,757 | 135,193 | 44,003 | 29,876 |
All-deaths (n)
| 1904 | 4507 | 2197 | 597 | 384 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 2154 | 2149 | 1793 | 1543 | 1187 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.93-1.03) | 0.58 (0.55-0.62) | 0.48 (0.44-0.53) | 0.46 (0.41-0.51) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) | 0.84 (0.79-0.89) | 0.71 (0.65-0.78) | 0.55 (0.50-0.62) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.97-1.08) | 0.89 (0.83-0.94) | 0.75 (0.68-0.82) | 0.60 (0.54-0.67) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.92-1.03) | 0.87 (0.82-0.93) | 0.74 (0.67-0.82) | 0.61 (0.55-0.69) |
CVD
5
deaths (n)
| 448 | 1465 | 737 | 187 | 146 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 471 | 654 | 618 | 518 | 450 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.33 (1.20-1.48) | 0.80 (0.71-0.90) | 0.62 (0.52-0.73) | 0.71 (0.59-0.85) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.36 (1.22-1.51) | 1.27 (1.13-1.43) | 1.01 (0.85-1.19) | 0.88 (0.73-1.06) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.37 (1.23-1.52) | 1.30 (1.16-1.47) | 1.02 (0.86-1.22) | 0.90 (0.74-1.09) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.20 (1.07-1.33) | 1.13 (1.00-1.28) | 0.88 (0.73-1.04) | 0.78 (0.64-0.94) |
IHD
6
deaths (n)
| 223 | 835 | 481 | 125 | 109 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 234 | 371 | 401 | 349 | 338 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.53 (1.32-1.78) | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 0.83 (0.66-1.03) | 1.06 (0.84-1.33) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.57 (1.36-1.82) | 1.67 (1.42-1.96) | 1.35 (1.08-1.68) | 1.31 (1.04-1.64) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.58 (1.37-1.84) | 1.71 (1.45-2.00) | 1.36 (1.09-1.70) | 1.32 (1.04-1.66) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.35 (1.16-1.57) | 1.44 (1.22-1.70) | 1.16 (0.93-1.46) | 1.11 (0.87-1.40) |
Stroke
7
deaths (n)
| 115 | 303 | 126 | 22 | 10 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 124 | 135 | 107 | 59 | 31 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.87-1.34) | 0.53 (0.41-0.68) | 0.28 (0.18-0.45) | 0.19 (0.10-0.36) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.90-1.39) | 0.86 (0.67-1.11) | 0.47 (0.30-0.74) | 0.24 (0.12-0.45) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.13 (0.91-1.40) | 0.90 (0.70-1.16) | 0.50 (0.32-0.79) | 0.27 (0.14-0.51) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.81-1.25) | 0.80 (0.62-1.04) | 0.41 (0.26-0.66) | 0.23 (0.12-0.44) |
Women | Illiterate | Primary school | Middle school and above | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Middle school | Secondary school | College | Sub total | |||
Person years
| 147,971 | 116,063 | 46,739 | 14,145 | 5320 | 66,204 |
All-deaths (n)
| 2417 | 762 | 160 | 54 | 19 | 233 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 1444 | 949 | 896 | 981 | 962 | 918 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.41 (0.38-0.44) | 0.21 (0.18-0.25) | 0.24 (0.18-0.31) | 0.22 (0.14-0.35) | 0.22 (0.19-0.25) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.68 (0.63-0.74) | 0.61 (0.52-0.72) | 0.64 (0.49-0.84) | 0.57 (0.36-0.90) | 0.61 (0.53-0.71) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.72 (0.66-0.79) | 0.66 (0.56-0.78) | 0.72 (0.55-0.95) | 0.66 (0.42-1.04) | 0.67 (0.58-0.78) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.71-0.85) | 0.70 (0.59-0.82) | 0.77 (0.58-1.02) | 0.70 (0.44-1.10) | 0.71 (0.62-0.82) |
CVD
5
deaths (n)
| 721 | 234 | 39 | 24 | 7 | 70 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 429 | 301 | 267 | 426 | 317 | 306 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.41 (0.35-0.47) | 0.17 (0.12-0.23) | 0.34 (0.23-0.51) | 0.26 (0.13-0.56) | 0.21 (0.16-0.27) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.69 (0.60-0.80) | 0.55 (0.40-0.76) | 1.04 (0.69-1.57) | 0.74 (0.35-1.56) | 0.68 (0.53-0.87) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.73 (0.62-0.85) | 0.59 (0.42-0.82) | 1.17 (0.77-1.77) | 0.84 (0.40-1.79) | 0.73 (0.57-0.95) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.75 (0.64-0.88) | 0.59 (0.42-0.82) | 1.17 (0.77-1.79) | 0.79 (0.37-1.69) | 0.73 (0.56-0.94) |
IHD
6
deaths (n)
| 303 | 106 | 18 | 12 | 3 | 33 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 180 | 133 | 131 | 227 | 96 | 142 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.44 (0.35-0.54) | 0.18 (0.11-0.29) | 0.40 (0.23-0.71) | 0.27 (0.09-0.84) | 0.24 (0.16-0.34) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.73 (0.59-0.92) | 0.59 (0.37-0.96) | 1.20 (0.67-2.14) | 0.74 (0.24-2.31) | 0.74 (0.52-1.07) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.62-0.99) | 0.65 (0.40-1.05) | 1.39 (0.76-2.53) | 0.87 (0.28-2.76) | 0.82 (0.56-1.20) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.62-0.99) | 0.61 (0.37-1.00) | 1.36 (0.74-2.48) | 0.77 (0.24-2.44) | 0.78 (0.53-1.14) |
Stroke
7
deaths (n)
| 145 | 51 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 14 |
Death rates per 100000
2
| 87 | 67 | 58 | 47 | 50 | 54 |
HR1
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.43 (0.32-0.60) | 0.19 (0.10-0.37) | 0.28 (0.10-0.75) | 0.19 (0.03-1.33) | 0.21 (0.12-0.36) |
HR2
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.72 (0.52-1.00) | 0.60 (0.30-1.19) | 0.85 (0.31-2.29) | 0.51 (0.07-3.68) | 0.65 (0.37-1.13) |
HR3
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.76 (0.54-1.06) | 0.64 (0.32-1.27) | 0.94 (0.34-2.59) | 0.58 (0.08-4.17) | 0.69 (0.39-1.24) |
HR4
95% CI | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.55-1.10) | 0.64 (0.32-1.29) | 0.95 (0.34-2.63) | 0.57 (0.08-4.17) | 0.70 (0.39-1.25) |