Background
Prevalence of chronic HBV across the world | Prevalence of chronic HCV across the world | ||
---|---|---|---|
Prevalence | Areas of the world | Prevalence | Areas of the world |
High prevalence >8% | All of Africa; South East Asia (China, Korea, Indonesia & the Philippines); The Middle East, except Israel; South and Western Pacific Islands; The interior Amazon basin; and certain parts of the Caribbean (Haiti and Dominican Republic) | High prevalence >10% | Egypt |
Intermediate prevalence 2% - 7% | South Central and Southwest ;Israel; Japan; Eastern and Southern Europe; Russia; Most areas surrounding the Amazon basin; Honduras; and Guatemala | Intermediate prevalence >2% | Countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and many countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia |
Low prevalence <2% | Northern and Western Europe; North America; Australia; New Zealand ; Mexico; Southern South America | Low prevalence <2% | Northern and Western Europe; North America Australia; New Zealand |
Methods
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Search and selection
Search strategy
Selection
Data analysis
Appraisal of the studies
Data extraction
Theoretical framework
Synthesis
Results
1 star (25%)* | 2 stars (50%) | 3 stars (75%) | 4 stars (100%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Survey studies (n=) | 2 | 20 | 14 | 2 |
Qualitative studies (n=) | 2 | 9 | ||
Mixed methods (n=) | 1 |
Countries | Number of studies | Sources |
---|---|---|
USA | 32 | |
Australia | 8 | |
Canada | 5 | |
Netherlands | 3 | |
Canada and USA | 1 | [55] |
Mexico and USA | 1 | [62] |
Methods of studies | Focus | Number of studies | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
Cross-sectional surveys | HBV | 34 | |
HCV | 2 | ||
HBV & HCV | 3 | ||
HBV & Liver cancer | 2 | ||
Qualitative studies | HBV | 5 | |
HCV | 1 | [60] | |
HBV and HCV | 1 | [64] | |
HBV & liver cancer | 2 | ||
Mixed methods | HBV | 1 | [52] |
The concepts of hepatitis B and C infections
The symptoms of hepatitis B and C infections
The causes of hepatitis B and C infections
Theme | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
The causes of HBV and HCV | ||
Smoking cigarettes [75] | ||
Fatigue [66] | ||
Bacteria [49] | ||
HBV and HCV transmission factors | ||
Environment | Remoteness of a place [49] | |
Poor conditions of living [49] | ||
Farming (livestock and poultry) [49] | ||
Contact with blood and other body fluids | ||
Saliva [64] | ||
Breast milk (breast feeding) [61] | ||
Eating and drinking practices | ||
Intact person-to-person contact | ||
Non-intact person-to-person contact | Bites or wounds [64] | |
Open mouth ulcer [64] | ||
Sharing personal items | ||
Iatrogenic transmission | ||
Medical equipment [93] | ||
Heredity | ||
Prevention of HBV and HCV | ||
Avoid sharing drug injecting needles/paraphernalia [61] | ||
Condoms [65] | ||
Not taking illicit drugs [78] | ||
Regular hospital check-up [78] | ||
Avoid infected needles [52] | ||
Altering eating and drinking practices | ||
Not eating in restaurants [78] | ||
Adopting healthy lifestyles and practices | ||
Stress-free mind and positive attitude [55] | ||
Avoid contact with infected individuals | ||
Avoid public spaces [78] | ||
Avoid public bus [78] | ||
Avoid sharing personal effects | Not sharing razors & shaving blades [78] | |
Not sharing soap [61] | ||
Consequences of HBV and HCV infections | ||
Depletion of energy from the body [86] | ||
Depression [68] | ||
Short life expectancy [52] | ||
Poor health [52] | ||
Stomach ulcer [81] | ||
Discrimination and stigma | ||
Parental rejection [90] | ||
Fear for the future [48] | ||
Loss of income | Loss of employment [52] | |
Loss of social status | Not having children [52] | |
Spoilt identity [60] | ||
Impediment to future marriage [90] | ||
Liver disease | ||
Liver failure [52] | ||
Treatments for HBV and HCV infections | ||
Good nutrition [67] | ||
Lifestyle changes | Adequate rest and meditation [67] | |
Physical Exercise [67] | ||
Avoid alcohol [67] | ||
Indigenous medicines | ||