Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pediatric Radiology 7/2021

12.05.2021 | Minisymposium: Pediatric head and neck imaging

Imaging of orbital infectious and inflammatory disease in children

verfasst von: Usha D. Nagaraj, Bernadette L. Koch

Erschienen in: Pediatric Radiology | Ausgabe 7/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Most acute nontraumatic periorbital and intraorbital pathologies in pediatric patients have an underlying infectious or inflammatory etiology, and imaging frequently plays a key role in the workup and management of these children. In this paper we review the clinical presentation and imaging findings in children with some of the most common infectious and inflammatory diseases involving the orbit. Basic relevant anatomy and imaging findings on various imaging modalities are also reviewed.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiss A, Friendly D, Eglin K et al (1983) Bacterial periorbital and orbital cellulitis in childhood. Ophthalmology 90:195–203PubMed Weiss A, Friendly D, Eglin K et al (1983) Bacterial periorbital and orbital cellulitis in childhood. Ophthalmology 90:195–203PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Howe L, Jones NS (2004) Guidelines for the management of periorbital cellulitis/abscess. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29:725–728PubMed Howe L, Jones NS (2004) Guidelines for the management of periorbital cellulitis/abscess. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29:725–728PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Wald ER, Applegate KE, Bordly C et al (2013) Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years. Pediatrics 132:e262–e280PubMed Wald ER, Applegate KE, Bordly C et al (2013) Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of acute bacterial sinusitis in children aged 1 to 18 years. Pediatrics 132:e262–e280PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathew AV, Craig E, Al-Mahmoud R et al (2014) Paediatric post-septal and pre-septal cellulitis: 10 years’ experience at a tertiary-level children’s hospital. Br J Radiol 87:1–5 Mathew AV, Craig E, Al-Mahmoud R et al (2014) Paediatric post-septal and pre-septal cellulitis: 10 years’ experience at a tertiary-level children’s hospital. Br J Radiol 87:1–5
5.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuen S, Rubin P (2003) Idiopathic orbital inflammation. Arch Opthalmol 121:491–499 Yuen S, Rubin P (2003) Idiopathic orbital inflammation. Arch Opthalmol 121:491–499
7.
Zurück zum Zitat LeBedis CA, Osamu Sakai B (2008) Nontraumatic orbital conditions: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging in the emergent setting. Radiographics 28:1741–1754PubMed LeBedis CA, Osamu Sakai B (2008) Nontraumatic orbital conditions: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging in the emergent setting. Radiographics 28:1741–1754PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Som PM, Curtin HD (2003) Orbit: embryology, anatomy and pathology. In: Head and neck imaging, 4th edn. Mosby-Elsevier Science, St. Louis, pp 529–654 Som PM, Curtin HD (2003) Orbit: embryology, anatomy and pathology. In: Head and neck imaging, 4th edn. Mosby-Elsevier Science, St. Louis, pp 529–654
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Nguyen VD, Singh AK, Altmeyer WB, Tantiwongkosi B (2017) Demystifying orbital emergencies: a pictorial review. Radiographics 37:947–962PubMed Nguyen VD, Singh AK, Altmeyer WB, Tantiwongkosi B (2017) Demystifying orbital emergencies: a pictorial review. Radiographics 37:947–962PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Subramaniam S, Bober J, Chao J, Zehtabchi S (2016) Point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of abscess in skin and soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med 23:1298–1306PubMed Subramaniam S, Bober J, Chao J, Zehtabchi S (2016) Point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of abscess in skin and soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med 23:1298–1306PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Yusa H, Yoshida H, Ueno E et al (2002) Ultrasound-guided surgical drainage of face and neck abscesses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31:327–329PubMed Yusa H, Yoshida H, Ueno E et al (2002) Ultrasound-guided surgical drainage of face and neck abscesses. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 31:327–329PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Derr C, Shah A (2012) Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess. Emerg Radiol 19:265–267PubMed Derr C, Shah A (2012) Bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess. Emerg Radiol 19:265–267PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan DM, Briscoe D, Gatot A et al (1999) The use of standardized orbital ultrasound in the diagnosis of sinus induced infections of the orbit in children: a preliminary report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 48:155–162PubMed Kaplan DM, Briscoe D, Gatot A et al (1999) The use of standardized orbital ultrasound in the diagnosis of sinus induced infections of the orbit in children: a preliminary report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 48:155–162PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang TL, Seif D, Chilstrom M, Mailhot T (2014) Ocular ultrasound identifies early orbital cellulitis. West J Emerg Med 15:394PubMedPubMedCentral Kang TL, Seif D, Chilstrom M, Mailhot T (2014) Ocular ultrasound identifies early orbital cellulitis. West J Emerg Med 15:394PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kennedy TA, Corey AS, Policeni B et al (2018) ACR appropriateness criteria. Orbits vision and visual loss. J Am Coll Radiol 15:S116–S131PubMed Kennedy TA, Corey AS, Policeni B et al (2018) ACR appropriateness criteria. Orbits vision and visual loss. J Am Coll Radiol 15:S116–S131PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Sepahdari AR, Aakalu VK, Kapur R et al (2009) MRI of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:244–250 Sepahdari AR, Aakalu VK, Kapur R et al (2009) MRI of orbital cellulitis and orbital abscess: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 193:244–250
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Chandler J, Langenbrunner D, Stevens E (1970) The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 80:1414–1428PubMed Chandler J, Langenbrunner D, Stevens E (1970) The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 80:1414–1428PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Healy GB (1997) Chandler et al.: "the pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis." Laryngoscope 107:441–446PubMed Healy GB (1997) Chandler et al.: "the pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis." Laryngoscope 107:441–446PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Givner LB, Mason EO Jr, Barson WJ et al (2000) Pneumococcal facial cellulitis in children. Pediatrics 106:E61PubMed Givner LB, Mason EO Jr, Barson WJ et al (2000) Pneumococcal facial cellulitis in children. Pediatrics 106:E61PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodyear PWA, Firth AL, Strachan DR, Dudley M (2004) Periorbital swelling: the important distinction between allergy and infection. Emerg Med J 21:240–242PubMedPubMedCentral Goodyear PWA, Firth AL, Strachan DR, Dudley M (2004) Periorbital swelling: the important distinction between allergy and infection. Emerg Med J 21:240–242PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Youssef OH, Stefanyszyn MA, Bilyk JR (2008) Odontogenic orbital cellulitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2:29–35 Youssef OH, Stefanyszyn MA, Bilyk JR (2008) Odontogenic orbital cellulitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2:29–35
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Handler LC, Davey IC, Hill JC, Lauryssen C (1991) The acute orbit: differentiation of orbital cellulitis from subperiosteal abscess by computerized tomography. Neuroradiology 33:15–18PubMed Handler LC, Davey IC, Hill JC, Lauryssen C (1991) The acute orbit: differentiation of orbital cellulitis from subperiosteal abscess by computerized tomography. Neuroradiology 33:15–18PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Gavriel H, Yeheskeli E, Aviram E et al (2011) Dimension of subperiosteal orbital abscess as an indication for surgical management in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 145:823–827PubMed Gavriel H, Yeheskeli E, Aviram E et al (2011) Dimension of subperiosteal orbital abscess as an indication for surgical management in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 145:823–827PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabarino F, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Quesnel S et al (2015) Subperiosteal orbital abscess: volumetric criteria for surgical drainage. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 79:131–135PubMed Tabarino F, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Quesnel S et al (2015) Subperiosteal orbital abscess: volumetric criteria for surgical drainage. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 79:131–135PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Todman MS, Enzer YR (2011) Medical management versus surgical intervention of pediatric orbital cellulitis: the importance of subperiosteal abscess volume as a new criterion. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 27:255–259PubMed Todman MS, Enzer YR (2011) Medical management versus surgical intervention of pediatric orbital cellulitis: the importance of subperiosteal abscess volume as a new criterion. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 27:255–259PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsirouki T, Dastiridou AI, Ibanez Flores N et al (2018) Orbital cellulitis. Surv Ophthalmol 63:534–553PubMed Tsirouki T, Dastiridou AI, Ibanez Flores N et al (2018) Orbital cellulitis. Surv Ophthalmol 63:534–553PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Le TD, Liu ES, Adatia FA et al (2014) The effect of adding orbital computed tomography findings to the Chandler criteria for classifying pediatric orbital cellulitis in predicting which patients will require surgical intervention. J AAPOS 18:271–277PubMed Le TD, Liu ES, Adatia FA et al (2014) The effect of adding orbital computed tomography findings to the Chandler criteria for classifying pediatric orbital cellulitis in predicting which patients will require surgical intervention. J AAPOS 18:271–277PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Karlin R, Robinson W (1984) Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ann Emerg Med 13:449–455PubMed Karlin R, Robinson W (1984) Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ann Emerg Med 13:449–455PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Koupenova M, Kehrel BE, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE (2017) Thrombosis and platelets: an update. Eur Heart J 38:785–791PubMed Koupenova M, Kehrel BE, Corkrey HA, Freedman JE (2017) Thrombosis and platelets: an update. Eur Heart J 38:785–791PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Grassi MA, Lee AG, Kardon R et al (2003) A lot of clot. Surv Ophthalmol 48:555–561PubMed Grassi MA, Lee AG, Kardon R et al (2003) A lot of clot. Surv Ophthalmol 48:555–561PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim LH, Scawn RL, Whipple KM et al (2014) Spontaneous superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis: a rare entity with potentially devastating consequences. Eye 28:348–351PubMed Lim LH, Scawn RL, Whipple KM et al (2014) Spontaneous superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis: a rare entity with potentially devastating consequences. Eye 28:348–351PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuknecht B, Simmen D, Yüksel C, Valavanis A (1998) Tributary venosinus occlusion and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:617–626PubMedPubMedCentral Schuknecht B, Simmen D, Yüksel C, Valavanis A (1998) Tributary venosinus occlusion and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 19:617–626PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu CW, Tsai WC, Lien CY et al (2019) The clinical characteristics, implicated pathogens and therapeutic outcomes of culture-proven septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Clin Neurosci 68:111–116PubMed Hsu CW, Tsai WC, Lien CY et al (2019) The clinical characteristics, implicated pathogens and therapeutic outcomes of culture-proven septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Clin Neurosci 68:111–116PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ambati BK, Ambati J, Azar N et al (2000) Periorbital and orbital cellulitis before and after the advent of Haemophilus influenzae Type B vaccination. Ophthalmology 107:1450–1453PubMed Ambati BK, Ambati J, Azar N et al (2000) Periorbital and orbital cellulitis before and after the advent of Haemophilus influenzae Type B vaccination. Ophthalmology 107:1450–1453PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Baring D, Hilmi O (2011) An evidence-based review of periorbital cellulitis. Clin Otolaryngol 36:57–64PubMed Baring D, Hilmi O (2011) An evidence-based review of periorbital cellulitis. Clin Otolaryngol 36:57–64PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahba R, Robson CD, Petersen RA et al (2001) Management of orbital subperiosteal abscess in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127:281–286 Rahba R, Robson CD, Petersen RA et al (2001) Management of orbital subperiosteal abscess in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127:281–286
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Branson SV, McClintic E, Yeatts RP (2019) Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis associated with orbital cellulitis: a report of 6 cases and review of literature. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 35:272–280PubMed Branson SV, McClintic E, Yeatts RP (2019) Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis associated with orbital cellulitis: a report of 6 cases and review of literature. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 35:272–280PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Germiller JA, Monin DL, Sparano AM, Tom LWC (2006) Intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and adolescents and their outcomes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132:969–976PubMed Germiller JA, Monin DL, Sparano AM, Tom LWC (2006) Intracranial complications of sinusitis in children and adolescents and their outcomes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132:969–976PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Lundy P, Kaufman C, Garcia D et al (2019) Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 24:14–21PubMed Lundy P, Kaufman C, Garcia D et al (2019) Intracranial subdural empyemas and epidural abscesses in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 24:14–21PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Akiyama K, Karaki M, Mori N (2012) Evaluation of adult Pott’s puffy tumor: our five cases and 27 literature cases. Laryngoscope 122:2382–2388PubMed Akiyama K, Karaki M, Mori N (2012) Evaluation of adult Pott’s puffy tumor: our five cases and 27 literature cases. Laryngoscope 122:2382–2388PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Koltsidopoulos P, Papageorgiou E, Skoulakis C (2020) Pott’s puffy tumor in children: a review of the literature. Laryngoscope 130:225–231PubMed Koltsidopoulos P, Papageorgiou E, Skoulakis C (2020) Pott’s puffy tumor in children: a review of the literature. Laryngoscope 130:225–231PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowen RC, Koeppel JN, Christensen CD et al (2018) The most common causes of eye pain at 2 tertiary ophthalmology and neurology clinics. J Neuroophthalmol 38:320–327PubMed Bowen RC, Koeppel JN, Christensen CD et al (2018) The most common causes of eye pain at 2 tertiary ophthalmology and neurology clinics. J Neuroophthalmol 38:320–327PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Farooq O, Buccilli A, Varma C et al (2009) Posterior scleritis: a rare pediatric disorder. Clin Pediatr 48:869–872 Farooq O, Buccilli A, Varma C et al (2009) Posterior scleritis: a rare pediatric disorder. Clin Pediatr 48:869–872
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Souto FMS, Giampietro BV, Takiuiti JT et al (2019) Clinical features of paediatric uveitis at a tertiary referral Centre in Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Br J Ophthalmol 103:636–640 Souto FMS, Giampietro BV, Takiuiti JT et al (2019) Clinical features of paediatric uveitis at a tertiary referral Centre in Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Br J Ophthalmol 103:636–640
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Malhotra A, Minja FJ, Crum A, Burrowes D (2011) Ocular anatomy and cross-sectional imaging of the eye. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 32:2–13 Malhotra A, Minja FJ, Crum A, Burrowes D (2011) Ocular anatomy and cross-sectional imaging of the eye. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 32:2–13
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Diogo MC, Jager MJ, Ferreira TA (2016) CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of scleritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:2334–2339PubMedPubMedCentral Diogo MC, Jager MJ, Ferreira TA (2016) CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of scleritis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37:2334–2339PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Li CQ, Cho AA, Edward NJ et al (2015) Magnetic resonance imaging of uveitis. Neuroradiology 57:825–832PubMed Li CQ, Cho AA, Edward NJ et al (2015) Magnetic resonance imaging of uveitis. Neuroradiology 57:825–832PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferreira TA, Saraiva P, Genders SW et al (2018) CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation. Neuroradiology 60:1253–1266PubMedPubMedCentral Ferreira TA, Saraiva P, Genders SW et al (2018) CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation. Neuroradiology 60:1253–1266PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Abel AD, Meyer DR (2005) Enucleation with primary implant insertion for treatment of recalcitrant endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 21:220–224PubMed Abel AD, Meyer DR (2005) Enucleation with primary implant insertion for treatment of recalcitrant endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 21:220–224PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee CC, Chen CY, Chen FH et al (1998) Septic metastatic endophthalmitis from Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: CT and MR imaging characteristics — report of three cases. Radiology 207:411–416PubMed Lee CC, Chen CY, Chen FH et al (1998) Septic metastatic endophthalmitis from Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: CT and MR imaging characteristics — report of three cases. Radiology 207:411–416PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Platnick J, Crum AV, Soohoo S et al (2011) The globe: infection, inflammation, and systemic disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 32:38–50 Platnick J, Crum AV, Soohoo S et al (2011) The globe: infection, inflammation, and systemic disease. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 32:38–50
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Rumboldt Z, Moses C, Wieczersynski U, Saini R (2005) Diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficients, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in endophthalmitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1869–1872PubMedPubMedCentral Rumboldt Z, Moses C, Wieczersynski U, Saini R (2005) Diffusion-weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficients, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in endophthalmitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1869–1872PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Smirniotopoulos JG, Bargallo N, Mafee MF (1994) Differential diagnosis of leukokoria: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 14:1059–1079PubMed Smirniotopoulos JG, Bargallo N, Mafee MF (1994) Differential diagnosis of leukokoria: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 14:1059–1079PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Maitray A, Rishi E, Rishi P et al (2019) Endogenous endophthalmitis in children and adolescents: case series and literature review. Indian J Ophthalmol 67:795–800PubMedPubMedCentral Maitray A, Rishi E, Rishi P et al (2019) Endogenous endophthalmitis in children and adolescents: case series and literature review. Indian J Ophthalmol 67:795–800PubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards MG, Pordell GR (1985) Ocular toxocariasis studied by CT scanning. Radiology 157:685–686PubMed Edwards MG, Pordell GR (1985) Ocular toxocariasis studied by CT scanning. Radiology 157:685–686PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Tortori-Donati P, Rossi A, Biancheri R (2005) The orbit. In: Pediatric neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 1339–1340 Tortori-Donati P, Rossi A, Biancheri R (2005) The orbit. In: Pediatric neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, pp 1339–1340
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Chung EM, Murphey MD, Specht CS et al (2008) From the archives of the AFIP pediatric orbit tumors and tumorlike lesions: osseous lesions of the orbit. Radiographics 28:1193–1214PubMed Chung EM, Murphey MD, Specht CS et al (2008) From the archives of the AFIP pediatric orbit tumors and tumorlike lesions: osseous lesions of the orbit. Radiographics 28:1193–1214PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Apushkin MA, Apushkin MA, Shapiro MJ, Mafee MF (2005) Retinoblastoma and simulating lesions: role of imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 15:49–67PubMed Apushkin MA, Apushkin MA, Shapiro MJ, Mafee MF (2005) Retinoblastoma and simulating lesions: role of imaging. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 15:49–67PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali MJ, Joshi SD, Naik MN, Honavar SG (2015) Clinical profile and management outcome of acute dacryocystitis: two decades of experience in a tertiary eye care center. Semin Ophthalmol 30:118–123PubMed Ali MJ, Joshi SD, Naik MN, Honavar SG (2015) Clinical profile and management outcome of acute dacryocystitis: two decades of experience in a tertiary eye care center. Semin Ophthalmol 30:118–123PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Baskin DE, Reddy AK, Chu YI, Coats DK (2008) The timing of antibiotic administration in the management of infant dacryocystitis. J AAPOS 12:456–459PubMed Baskin DE, Reddy AK, Chu YI, Coats DK (2008) The timing of antibiotic administration in the management of infant dacryocystitis. J AAPOS 12:456–459PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Shekunov J, Griepentrog GJ, Diehl NN, Mohney BG (2010) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of congenital dacryocystocele. J AAPOS 14:417–420PubMedPubMedCentral Shekunov J, Griepentrog GJ, Diehl NN, Mohney BG (2010) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of congenital dacryocystocele. J AAPOS 14:417–420PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali MJ (2015) Pediatric acute dacryocystitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 31:341–347PubMed Ali MJ (2015) Pediatric acute dacryocystitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 31:341–347PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong RK, VanderVeen DK (2008) Presentation and management of congenital dacryocystocele. Pediatrics 122:e1108–e1112PubMed Wong RK, VanderVeen DK (2008) Presentation and management of congenital dacryocystocele. Pediatrics 122:e1108–e1112PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali MJ, Psaltis AJ, Brunworth J et al (2014) Congenital dacryocele with large intranasal cyst: efficacy of cruciate marsupialization, adjunctive procedures, and outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 30:346–351PubMed Ali MJ, Psaltis AJ, Brunworth J et al (2014) Congenital dacryocele with large intranasal cyst: efficacy of cruciate marsupialization, adjunctive procedures, and outcomes. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 30:346–351PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell EJ, Czervionke L, Huckman M et al (1985) CT of the inferomedial orbit and the lacrimal drainage apparatus: normal and pathologic anatomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 145:1147–1154PubMed Russell EJ, Czervionke L, Huckman M et al (1985) CT of the inferomedial orbit and the lacrimal drainage apparatus: normal and pathologic anatomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 145:1147–1154PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Rand PK, Ball WS, Kulwin DR (1989) Congenital nasolacrimal mucoceles: CT evaluation. Radiology 173:691–694PubMed Rand PK, Ball WS, Kulwin DR (1989) Congenital nasolacrimal mucoceles: CT evaluation. Radiology 173:691–694PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Mombaerts I, Bilyk JR, Rose GE et al (2017) Consensus on diagnostic criteria of idiopathic orbital inflammation using a modified delphi approach. JAMA Ophthalmol 135:769–776PubMedPubMedCentral Mombaerts I, Bilyk JR, Rose GE et al (2017) Consensus on diagnostic criteria of idiopathic orbital inflammation using a modified delphi approach. JAMA Ophthalmol 135:769–776PubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamisawa T, Zen Y, Pillai S, Stone JH (2015) IgG4-related disease. Lancet 385:1460–1471PubMed Kamisawa T, Zen Y, Pillai S, Stone JH (2015) IgG4-related disease. Lancet 385:1460–1471PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallace ZS, Deshpande V, Stone JH (2014) Ophthalmic manifestations of IgG4-related disease: single-center experience and literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43:806–817PubMed Wallace ZS, Deshpande V, Stone JH (2014) Ophthalmic manifestations of IgG4-related disease: single-center experience and literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 43:806–817PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JK et al (2012) Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 25:1181–1192PubMed Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JK et al (2012) Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 25:1181–1192PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Smerla R, Rontogianni D, Fragoulis G (2018) Ocular manifestations of IgG4-related disease in children. More common than anticipated? Review of the literature and case report. Clin Rheumatol 27:1721–1727 Smerla R, Rontogianni D, Fragoulis G (2018) Ocular manifestations of IgG4-related disease in children. More common than anticipated? Review of the literature and case report. Clin Rheumatol 27:1721–1727
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurowecki D, Patlas MN, Haider EA, Alabousi A (2019) Cross-sectional pictorial review of IgG4-related disease. Br J Radiol 92:1–6 Kurowecki D, Patlas MN, Haider EA, Alabousi A (2019) Cross-sectional pictorial review of IgG4-related disease. Br J Radiol 92:1–6
Metadaten
Titel
Imaging of orbital infectious and inflammatory disease in children
verfasst von
Usha D. Nagaraj
Bernadette L. Koch
Publikationsdatum
12.05.2021
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Pediatric Radiology / Ausgabe 7/2021
Print ISSN: 0301-0449
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1998
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04745-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2021

Pediatric Radiology 7/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Minisymposium: Pediatric head and neck imaging

Paranasal sinus development and implications for imaging

Minisymposium: Pediatric head and neck imaging

Imaging of the fetal oral cavity, airway and neck

Update Radiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.