Background
General processes of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation
Lymphoid genesis and subset differentiation
TC development and subset differentiation
Subsets | Markers | Frequency | Cytokines | Functions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TC | Th1 | IL-2+TNF-β+IFN-Ɣ+ | 20% in blood CD4+ TC | IL-2, IL-12IFN-γ, TNF-α | ↑MØ↑Cell-mediated immunity |
Th2 | IL-4+IL-5+IL-10+IL-13+ | 2% in blood CD4+ TC | IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 IL-25, IL-13 | ↑Ab, Eos↓MØ function | |
Th17 | IL-17+RORγt+ | 0.5% in blood CD4+ TC | IL-21, IL-22, IL-24IL-26, IL-17A, IL-17F | Defend host↑Autoimmune disease | |
Treg | Foxp3+IL-10+ | 5% in PBMC | IL-10, TGF-β | ↓Autoimmune disease | |
Tfh | CXCR5+ | 13.5%in blood CD4+ TC | IL-21 | ↑BC activation and functional differentiation | |
Th22 | AHR+CCR4+CCR6+CCR10+ | 0.05%In blood CD4+ TC | IL-17, IL-22 | ↓Immune activation | |
BC | Fo B2 | CD21/35intCD23+CD24lowCD62L+CD93-IgMlowIgDhigh | 4.3% in blood CD19+ BC | IgD, IgM | ↑Adaptive response |
MZ B2/B1-like | CD21/35highCD23-CD24+CD93−IgMhighIgDlow | 17% in blood BC | IgM | Respond toblood-borne pathogen |
BC development and subset differentiation
NKC development and subset differentiation
Myeloid genesis and subset differentiation
DC development and subset differentiation
MC/MØ development and subset differentiation
Granulocyte development and subset differentiation
Characterization of immune cell subsets
Characterization of lymphoid cell subsets (Table 1)
TC subset
BC subset
Characterization of myeloid cell subsets (Table 2)
DC subset
Subsets | Markers | Frequency | Cytokines | Functions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DC | cDC | CD11c+MHCII+CD141+(BDCA3+)XCR1+CLEC9A+FLT3+CD103+ | 5~10% in blood | IL-12, IFN-III | ↑IFN-IIICross-present Ag |
CD11c+MHCII+(BDCA1+)CD172a+CD11b+FLT3+ | 45–50% in blood | IL-23? | Present Ag | ||
pDC | BDCA2+LILRA4+CD45RA+ | 45–50% in blood | IFNα | Sense pathogenActivate IC | |
mDC | MHCII+CD11c+CD86+CD40+CD80+CD83+CCR7+CD14− | Induced by inflammation | TNFα, iNOSIL-12, IL-23 | Cross-present Ag | |
MC | Classical | CD14+CD16−CXCR1+ CXCR2+CD62L+ | 80–95% in MNC | ROS, NO, MPOIFN-I, IL-1α, TNFIL-6, IL-8, CCL2 | Phagocytosis↑Inflammation |
Intermediate | CD14+CD16+CD64intCCR1intCCR2int CX3CR1int CD11bint CD33int CD115int CD40+ CD54+ HLA-DR+ | 2–11% in MNC | ROS, NO, MPOIFN-I, IL-1α, TNFIL-6, IL-8 CCL2 | ↑Inflammation | |
Non-classical | CD14−CD16+ | 2–8% in MNC | TNF, IL-1β, CCL3 | Patrol, repair tissue | |
CD40 | CD14+CD40+ | 64% in PBMC | TNFα, IL-6 | ↑Inflammation | |
MØ | M1 | iNOS+CXCL11+IL-12high IL-23highIL-10low | 1% in gastric tissue | IL-6, TNFαiNOS, IL-12 | Microbicidal↑Inflammation |
M2a | FIZZ1+Arg1+IL-12lowIL-23low | 1% in gastric tissue | IL-10 | ↓InflammationHeal woundRepair tissue | |
M2b | CD80highCD14highHLA-DRlowIL-12lowIL-23low | 0 in PBMC | IL-10 | Activate Th2↓Inflammation | |
M2c | CD86lowHLA-DRlowCD163+TLR4highIL-12lowIL-23low | 2.4% in CD68+ MØ | CCL18 | ↓InflammationDeposit matrixRemodel tissue | |
M4 | MMP7+MR+S100A8+CD68+ | 31.7% in CD68+ MØ from coronary artery | CD86, IL-6, TNFα | ↑Inflammation | |
Mhem | HOMX1+CD163+ | 25% in thrombosis | IL-10 | ↓Lipid accumulationRetain iron, ↓Inflammation |
MC subset
MØ subset
Representative immune cell subset changes in diseases (Table 3)
Cells | Changes | Tissues | PMID# |
---|---|---|---|
Atherosclerosis (carotid/coronary atherosclerosis, stenosis, cardiovascular death, nonhemorrhagic stroke) | |||
TC | TC↑, PD-1+Tim-3+CD8+ TC↑, Th17/Th1 TC↑Th1 TC↑, CD4+LAP+ or CD4+CD25+ Treg TC↓CD3+CD4+CD45RA−CD45RO+CCR7− T(EM) TC↑ | PBMC | 260352072152475023130116 |
BC | TC/BC↑ | Fibro-fatty (aorta, coronary) | 24122585 |
MC | CD14++CD16+ MC↑, CD14++CD16−CCR2+ MC↑CD14+CD16++CCR2- MC↑ | PBMC | 2299972825012963 |
MØ | CD86+ M1 MØ↑, M2 MØ↑ | PBMC, rupture-prone shoulder regions, Adventitial tissue | 23078881 |
Acute myocardial infarction | |||
TC | CD3+CD4+CD45RA−CD45RO+CCR7− T(EM) TC↑HLA-DR+ T(EM) TC↑ | PBMC | 23121518 |
MC | CD14++CD16-CCR2+TLR4+ MC↑CD14+CD16++CCR2+TLR4+ MC↑ | PBMC | 23121518 |
Hypercholesterolemia (total serum C levels > 200 mg/dl or 6.5 mmol/L, LDL-C > 160 mg/dl, serum TG ≤ 300 mg/dl) | |||
TC | CD3+ TC↑, CD4+ TC↑, CD8+ TC↑ | PBMC | 8546748 |
MC | CD14dimCD16+ non-classical MC↑CD64−CD16+ non-classical MC↑ | PBMC | 103812988977447 |
Infection (HCMV with CAP, HIV on stable ART with CAC) | |||
TC | Lymphocyte↑, CD3+ TC↑, CD4+ TC↑, CD8+ TC↑, Th1 TC↑, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg TC↓CD8+IL-6Rαlow T(EM) TC↑, CD8+CD57+ TC↑ | Subintimal PBMC | 239689792636053027062409 |
MC | CD14++CD16+ MC↑, CD14++CD16- MC↑CD14+CD16++ MC↓, CD14+CD16++ MC↑ | PBMC | 2636053024118494 |
Chronic kidney diseases | |||
MC | CD14+CD16+ non-classical MC↑ | PBMC | 26,877,933 |
Early rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus | |||
TC | CD8+CD31+CXCR4+ TC↑ | PBMC | 1780453027065298 |
Obese, pre-diabetes, diabetes mellitus type 2 | |||
TC | NKT-like TC↑, CD3+CD56+ NKT TC↑ | PBMC | 24554505 |
MC | CD14++CD16+ MC↑, CD14+CD16++ MC↑ | PBMC | 21799175 |
Endarterectomy (CEA and endarterectomy at the femoropopliteal level) | |||
TC | NKTs↑, TC↑ | PBMC, plaques | 27051078 |
DC | CD11b+ cDC↑ | PBMC, plaques | 27051078 |
MØ | MMP-12+CD68+ MØ↑ | Culprit sections | 23316311 |
Colorectal cancer | |||
TC | NKT cells↑ | PBMC | 22220404 |