Introduction
Subjects, materials and methods
Study population
Treadmill exercise testing and HRR analysis
Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring and HRV analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Comparison on clinical features among WGC, PGC and C groups
Variable | Group C (n = 100) | Group WGC (n = 100) | Group PGC (n = 100) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 59.06 ± 8.25 | 59.14 ± 7.58 | 58.74 ± 9.21 |
Male gender (n, %) | 40/100 (40%) | 47/100 (47%) | 48/100 (48%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.13 ± 3.15 | 24.91 ± 2.66 | 25.16 ± 3.45 |
Smoker (n, %) | 27/100 (27%) | 24/100 (24%) | 21/100 (21%) |
CAD (n, %) | 32/100 (32%) | 40/100 (40%) | 42/100 (42%) |
Hypertension (n, %) | 70/100 (70%) | 79/100 (79%) | 78/100 (78%) |
Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 92/100 (92%) | 90/100 (90%) | 96/100 (96%) |
Beta-blockers use (n, %) | 39/100 (39%) | 41/100 (41%) | 49/100 (49%) |
Fasting blood glucose (mM) | 5.53 ± 0.98 | 7.16 ± 1.85** | 10.32 ± 3.77**†† |
HbA1c (%) | 5.58 ± 0.39 | 6.21 ± 0.44** | 8.58 ± 1.59**†† |
Creatinine (μM) | 67.51 ± 16.91 | 65.63 ± 16.52 | 62.77 ± 16.66 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.08 ± 6.28 | 2.27 ± 2.48 | 4.83 ± 10.03**† |
cTnI (μg/L) | 0.0044 ± 0.0107 | 0.0041 ± 0.0053 | 0.0054 ± 0.0083 |
NT-proBNP (pM) | 65.35 ± 50.22 | 62.20 ± 53.46 | 110.52 ± 314.25 |
Resting HR (bpm) | 79.03 ± 13.05 | 80.74 ± 11.88 | 80.42 ± 10.94 |
Peak HR (bpm) | 141.60 ± 10.05 | 138.91 ± 8.63 | 140.30 ± 8.19 |
Hypoglycemic therapy | |||
Diet intervention only (n, %) | 33/100 (33%) | 13/100 (13%)†† | |
Oral anti-diabetics (n, %) | 65/100 (65%) | 69/100 (69%) | |
Include insulin (n, %) | 2/100 (2%) | 18/100 (18%)†† |
Spearman correlation analysis between HRR and HRV and between HbA1c and HRR/HRV in DM patients
SDNN | SDANN | rMSSD | pNN50 | VLF | LF | HF | LF/HF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRR1 | 0.351** | 0.302** | 0.310** | 0.273** | 0.404** | 0.379** | 0.353** | 0.005 |
HRR2 | 0.344** | 0.309** | 0.276** | 0.218** | 0.368** | 0.314** | 0.347** | −0.038 |
HRR3 | 0.374** | 0.347** | 0.312** | 0.249** | 0.341** | 0.293** | 0.365** | −0.077 |
HRR4 | 0.388** | 0.361** | 0.321** | 0.264** | 0.328** | 0.268** | 0.348** | −0.101 |
HRR5 | 0.382** | 0.355** | 0.341** | 0.278** | 0.317** | 0.265** | 0.350** | −0.105 |
Multivariate logistic regression results for risk of DM and PGC
Variable | Adjusted gender, age | Adjusted gender, age, CAD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Beta-blockers | Beta-blockers, hypertension | |||
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
HRR1 (bpm) | 1.055 (1.022–1.088) | 0.001 | 1.052 (1.018–1.086) | 0.002 |
HRR2 (bpm) | 1.068 (1.040–1.096) | 0.000 | 1.066 (1.037–1.095) | 0.000 |
HRR3 (bpm) | 1.066 (1.037–1.095) | 0.000 | 1.064 (1.035–1.093) | 0.000 |
HRR4 (bpm) | 1.067 (1.038–1.096) | 0.000 | 1.066 (1.036–1.095) | 0.000 |
HRR5 (bpm) | 1.049 (1.022–1.076) | 0.000 | 1.047 (1.020–1.074) | 0.001 |
SDNN (ms) | 1.024 (1.014–1.034) | 0.000 | 1.024 (1.014–1.033) | 0.000 |
SDANN (ms) | 1.021 (1.021–1.031) | 0.000 | 1.021 (1.012–1.031) | 0.000 |
rMSSD (ms) | 1.042 (1.016–1.067) | 0.001 | 1.043 (1.017–1.070) | 0.001 |
pNN50 (%) | 1.048 (1.012–1.087) | 0.009 | 1.052 (1.015–1.091) | 0.006 |
VLF (ms) | 1.121 (1.076–1.166) | 0.000 | 1.121(1.076–1.167) | 0.000 |
LF (ms) | 1.099 (1.050–1.149) | 0.000 | 1.099(1.050–1.149) | 0.000 |
HF (ms) | 1.105 (1.043–1.171) | 0.001 | 1.109(1.045–1.176) | 0.001 |
Variable | Adjusted gender, age, beta-blockers | Adjusted gender, age, CAD, beta-blockers, hypertension | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
SDNN (ms) | 1.018 (1.007–1.030) | 0.001 | 1.018 (1.007–1.030) | 0.001 |
SDANN (ms) | 1.018 (1.007–1.030) | 0.001 | 1.018 (1.007–1.030) | 0.001 |
VLF (ms) | 1.053 (1.008–1.099) | 0.019 | 1.054 (1.009–1.100) | 0.017 |