Whether the choice of dialysis modality in patients with end stage renal disease may impact mortality is undecided. No randomized controlled trial has properly addressed this issue. Propensity-matched observational studies could give important insight into the independent effect of peritoneal (PD) opposed to haemodialysis (HD) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Methods
To correct for case-mix differences between patients treated with PD and HD, propensity-matched analyses were utilized in all patients who initiated dialysis as first renal replacement therapy in Norway in the period 2005–2012. PD patients were matched in a 1:1 fashion with HD patients, creating 692 pairs of patients with comparable baseline variables. As-treated and intention-to treat analyses were undertaken to assess cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Interaction analyses were used to assess differences in the relationship between initial dialysis modality and mortality, between strata of age, gender and prevalent diabetes mellitus.
Results
In the as-treated analyses, initial dialysis modality did not impact 2-year (PD vs. HD: HR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.67–1.12) or 5-year all-cause mortality (HR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.77–1.17). In patients younger than 65 years, PD was superior compared to HD with regard to both 2-year (HR 0.39, 95 % CI 0.19–0.81), and 5-year all-cause mortality (HR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.27–0.89). Cardiovascular mortality was also lower in the younger patients treated with PD (5-year HR 0.38, 95 % CI 0.15–0.96). PD was not associated with impaired prognosis in any of the prespecified subgroups compared to HD. The results were similar in the as-treated and intention-to-treat analyses.
Conclusion
Survival in PD was not inferior to HD in any subgroup of patients even after five years of follow-up. In patients below 65 years, PD yielded superior survival rates compared to HD. Increased use of PD as initial dialysis modality in ESRD patients could be encouraged.
Hinweise
Competing interests:
No financial or non-financial competing interests to be declared.
Authors’ contributions:
All authors have taken sufficiently part in the work to be listed as authors and have approved the final manuscript. IO is head of the research group at Department of Nephrology, Ullevål. IO had the initial initiative for the research protocol and has participated with enthusiasm in all stages of the process leading to the final manuscript. AVR and TL are heading the Norwegian Renal Registry, have primary knowledge to the registry data and have provided invaluable input of critical importance to the work. BW-G did the major work in conceiving the research protocol, performing the analyses and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have participated in drafting the research protocol and critically revising the manuscript.
Abkürzungen
COD
Cause of death
CVD
Cerebrovascular disease
eGFR
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
ESRD
End stage renal disease
HD
Hemodialysis
LVH
Left ventricular hypertrophy
PAD
Peripheral arterial disease
PD
Peritoneal dialysis
RRT
Renal replacement therapy
TIA
Transischemic attack
Background
An aging population and increasing incidence of atherosclerotic disease, hypertension and diabetes have caused a substantial rise in patients in need of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in Norway similar to what has been observed in other countries [1, 2]. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD) are considered equivalent treatment options in end stage renal disease (ESRD). Preserved residual kidney function, reduced infection risk and improved patient contentment, as well as reduced cost and manpower use, are arguments for increased use of PD [3]. Despite that, the proportion of patients treated with PD has remained stable in Norway during the last two decades [1], but has decreased in other countries [4].
Dialysis patients experience a high risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [5, 6]. Whether dialysis modality independently affects mortality is under debate. No randomized controlled trial has been performed to assess the independent effect of HD and PD on mortality, and this is unlikely to ever occur. Observational data suggest that there is no difference in survival between the two modalities [7‐11]. Notwithstanding, a survival advantage for PD the first years after dialysis initiation has been reported in young patients without comorbidity, e.g. diabetes [12‐15], while HD may be associated with improved survival beyond 1–2 years in dialysis [16] . As the need for RRT is increasing, particularly in developing countries [2], and PD may provide RRT at lower cost and higher patient contentment, there is a need to further clarify whether initial dialysis modality may impact survival.
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Observational studies that compare outcome differences between the two dialysis modalities may be limited by confounding by indication. Patient treatment preferences, center experience, cause of ESRD, time of referral to nephrologist, and comorbidity may all affect the choice of initial dialysis modality. Thus, proper adjustment for the case-mix differences between HD and PD patients must be undertaken to solve the problem of this bias. Propensity score matched analyses mimic some of the characteristics of a randomized controlled trial and may better correct for case-mix differences than traditional regression analyses [17].
The aims of the current study were to utilize propensity matched analyses to assess all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients treated with PD compared to HD as initial RRT. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate if PD or HD were superior with respect to mortality in any strata of age, gender and prevalent diabetes mellitus.
Methods
Study population
The Norwegian Renal Registry is a national registry comprising all ESRD patients residing in Norway who receive RRT, both renal transplantation and chronic dialysis. Patients are included in the registry when they first start chronic dialysis treatment or receive a renal transplant. Changes in RRT are recorded at the time of the event, as is cessation of dialysis treatment, emigration and death. Dialysis patients have been included in the national registry from 1980. From 2005, patients starting dialysis as first RRT were registered with more comprehensive data of baseline characteristics including laboratory values and comorbidity. Adult patients (>18 years) who started dialysis as initial RRT in the time period from January 2005 through December 2012 were included in the current study. The study database contained only 0.55 % missing data. No patient was lost to follow-up.
All participants provided written informed consent before inclusion in the registry. Permission for the current study was granted from the Regional Committee of Medical and Health Research.
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Definitions
Primary renal diagnosis was classified according to the ERA-EDTA primary renal disease codes, and ERA-EDTA cause of death (COD) codes were applied [18]. Cardiovascular cause of death was defined as a composite of COD group I–IV including myocardial ischemia and infarction, heart failure, cardiac arrest/sudden death and cerebrovascular accident [18].
Renal function at the time of dialysis initiation was expressed as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using MDRD formula.
Previous heart disease was defined as a diagnosis of coronary heart disease and/or heart failure prior to dialysis initiation. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) should have been confirmed by echocardiography. Previous cerebrovascular disease (CVD) included previous cerebrovascular insult or transischemic attack (TIA). Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was defined as established atherosclerotic vascular disease other than vascular disease in the brain or heart, e.g. aortic aneurysm, renovascular disease and intermittent claudication. Any history of a malignant tumour diagnosis prior to dialysis treatment was registered as previous malignancy.
Norway consists of 19 counties, both urban and rural areas, some scarcely populated. Use of PD has varied substantially between the counties through the years [1], and this is most likely caused by the difference in experience and traditions in the renal units. Therefore, patients were propensity matched also according to county affiliation.
Statistical analyses
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD, or median and range if skewed. Categorical data were presented as percentage. Student t-tests were used to compare normally distributed continuous variables between patients in PD and HD. Mann-Whitney U-test was used if data were skewed. Chi-square test was applied to compare categorical data.
A time dependent logistic regression model was built to create propensity scores of being treated with PD compared to HD as the initial dialysis modality. As the population started in PD may have changed in the study period due to a challenged HD capacity in Norway, a individual propensity score of being treated with PD was calculated separately in patients started in dialysis in the period 2005 through 2008 and the period 2009 through 2012. Baseline covariates were entered as independent variables in the model: age, gender, county, primary cause of ESRD, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, LVH, established heart disease, PAD, CVD and previous malignancy), eGFR, haemoglobin, serum albumin, number of antihypertensive drugs, use of statins, erythropoietin stimulating agents, vitamin D supplementation, candidate of future transplantation and crashlanders (knowledge of the patients less than four months prior to start of dialysis). Less than 1 % of the variables were missing. Patients with missing data were excluded from further analyses as a complete data set was mandatory to produce a propensity score. PD patients were matched 1:1 with HD patients by best match using R extension pack (R version 2.12.1) with IBM SPSS Statistics [19].
Survival analyses were conducted both in the terms of as-treated and intention-to-treat. In the as-treated analyses patients were censored for the earliest of the following: renal transplantation, dialysis modality change, dialysis cessation, emigration or study end by December 2012. In the intention-to-treat analyses patients were censored in the same way except that change in dialysis modality did not induce end of follow-up time.
Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank statistics were used to analyse differences in survival between the initial dialysis modalities in the propensity matched cohort. Hazard ratios were calculated from univariate Cox regression analyses. The assumption of proportional hazard were checked and found to be adequately met.
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Stratified analyses were undertaken with respect to age, gender and diabetes mellitus. Differences between the strata were checked by interaction analyses by entering product terms into the Cox regression models.
Level of significance was set to 0.05. Analyses were performed with IBM SPSS statistical software (version 20.0, IBM SPSS Statistics, New York, U.S.).
Results
A total of 3555 adult patients received dialysis as first active ESRD treatment in Norway in the period from 2005 to 2012. A propensity score could be calculated in 3089 patients who had complete datasets (age 64.8 ± 15.3 years, 67 % men). HD was the most frequent initial dialysis modality (n = 2407, 78 %), while 692 patients (22 %) were started in PD. Median as-treated follow-up time was 12 months (range 0–92). The baseline characteristics of the included patients are presented in Table 1. The unmatched case-mix differences between PD and HD patients were substantial.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of Norwegian patients starting peritoneal- or hemodialysis as initial renal replacement therapy in the period 2005–2012
All
Unmatched HD
Matched HD
PD
p-values
(n = 3089)
(n = 2407)
(n = 682)
(n = 682)
PD vs. unmatched HD
PD vs. matched HD
Age (years)
64.8 (15.3)
64.9 (15.4)
65.2 (15.0)
64.6 (15.2)
NS
NS
Male gender (%)
67.2
67.3
67.0
66.7
NS
NS
County
<0.001
NS
Renal diagnosis
<0.001
NS
BMI kg/m2
25.9 (5.2)
26.1 (5.5)
25.5 (5.1)
25.4 (4.2)
0.001
NS
eGFR ml/min/1.73 m2
8.3 (3.2)
8.2 (3.2)
9.0 (3.4)
8.8 (3.1)
<0.001
NS
Hb g/dl
10.6 (1.6)
10.4 (1.6)
11.2 (1.5)
11.3 (1.4)
<0.001
NS
Albumin g/l
34.9 (6.7)
34.0 (6.7)
37.8 (5.5)
38.0 (5.7)
<0.001
NS
Prev comorbidities
DM (%)
32.1
32.9
30.6
29.3
NS
NS
Heart disease (%)
31.6
33.1
30.5
26.5
0.001
NS
LVH (%)
31.3
32.2
28.9
28.2
0.044
NS
CVD (%)
13.9
14.5
12.0
11.9
NS
NS
PAD (%)
20.2
21.2
18.0
16.6
0.008
NS
Malignancy (%)
10.0
11.3
5.4
5.7
<0.001
NS
Medications
Number of BP medication (%)
<0.001
NS
0
10.1
11.8
3.2
4.1
1
12.6
12.8
12.0
12.0
2
22.5
22.3
22.4
23.3
3
29.4
28.6
33.3
32.3
4
17.3
16.5
20.1
19.9
>4
8.1
8.1
8.9
8.4
Statin (%)
54.0
52.3
61.1
60.3
0.001
NS
Vitamin D (%)
59.1
55.6
70.4
71.4
<0.001
NS
ESA (%)
59.0
55.9
70.8
70.1
<0.001
NS
Known by nephrologist (%)
74.2
69.4
91.1
91.1
<0.001
NS
RTX candidate (%)
59.8
57.0
68.3
69.5
<0.001
NS
Follow-up time (months)
12 (0–92)
13.0 (0–89)
10.0 (0–73)
<0.001
Continuous data are shown as mean ± SD, median (range) if skewed, and categorical data as percentages.
BMI: Body mass index, County: Patients were categorized due to situation in 19 counties in Norway, CVD: cerebrovascular disease, Diagnosis: patients were categorized due primary renal diagnosis defined by ERA-EDTA primary renal disease codes, DM: diabetes mellitus, ESA: erythropoiesis stimulating agents, Follow-up time: As-treated follow-up time prior to censoring or death, Heart disease: previous diagnosis of coronary heart disease or heart failure, Known by nephrologist: treated by nephrologist > 4 months prior to dialysis initiation, LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy, Malignancy: previous diagnosis of malignant disease, PAD: peripheral artery disease, RTX candidate: considered suitable for future renal transplantation by treating nephrologist, vitamin D: supplementation with active vitamin D or paricalcitol
Patients with PD as initial modality were propensity matched 1:1 with patients who started with HD. The final analyses included 692 matched pairs of patients. The differences in baseline characteristics between PD and HD patients were balanced in the propensity matching procedure (Table 1). The as-treated follow-up time was lower in the PD group compared to the HD group (median 10 (0–73) vs. 13 (0–89) months, p < 0.001). The intention-to-treat follow-up time, i.e. patients were not censored for change of dialysis modality, was equal in the two groups (14 (0–95) months in PD vs. 15 (0–89) months in HD, p = 0.359).
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All-cause mortality was not affected by initial dialysis modality in the as-treated analyses, (2-year PD vs. HD HR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.67–1.12 and 5-year HR 0.95, 95 % CI 0.77–1.17, Fig. 1). Neither did dialysis modality impact survival in the intention-to-treat analyses (Table 2).
Fig. 1
Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival plot comparing peritoneal- and haemodialysis as initial dialysis modality in 692 propensity matched pairs of patients with end stage renal disease in Norway. As-treated, i.e. censored for change of dialysis modality, renal transplantation, dialysis cessation, emigration or end of study (a) and intention-to-treat, i.e. censored for renal transplantation, dialysis cessation, emigration or end of study (b), analyses
Table 2
Cox regression all–cause mortality analyses comparing PD with HD as initial dialysis modality in 692 pairs of propensity matched patients in Norway
a)
2-year all-cause mortality
As–treated
Intention–to–treat
Hazard ratio
95 % CI
p–value for interaction
Hazard ratio
95 % CI
p–value for interaction
All
0.87
0.67–1.12
0.93
0.73–1.18
Male
0.93
0.67–1.29
NS
1.03
0.77–1.38
NS
Female
0.77
0.50–1.17
0.79
0.53–1.16
DM-
0.75
0.55–1.02
NS
0.82
0.62–1.09
NS
DM+
1.20
0.76–1.91
1.22
0.80–1.86
≤65 years
0.39
0.19–0.81
0.011
0.47
0.26–0.85
0.009
>65 years
1.03
0.78–1.36
1.11
0.86–1.44
b)
5-year all-cause mortality
As-treated
Intention–to–treat
Hazard ratio
95 % CI
p-value for interaction
Hazard ratio
95 % CI
p–value for interaction
All
0.95
0.77–1.17
0.99
0.82–1.19
Male
1.09
0.83–1.44
NS
1.06
0.83–1.34
NS
Female
0.78
0.55–1.09
0.87
0.65–1.19
DM-
0.91
0.70–1.18
NS
1.02
0.81–1.29
NS
DM+
0.99
0.69–1.42
0.90
0.65–1.25
≤65 years
0.49
0.27–0.89
0.010
0.58
0.36–0.93
0.009
>65 years
1.06
0.84–1.33
1.13
0.92–1.39
×
In the stratified analyses, PD was associated with reduced all-cause mortality in patients aged below 65 years (Fig. 2). The results were similar in both the as-treated and intention-to-treat analyses (Table 2). PD was not associated with impaired survival in any subgroup of patients (Table 2).
Fig. 2
Kaplan-Meier 2-year survival plot comparing peritoneal- and haemodialysis as initial dialysis modality in propensity matched patients younger than 65 years
×
Cardiovascular disease was the cause of death in 117 of 238 patients (49.1 %) at 2- year, and in 176 of 365 patients (48.2 %) at 5-year as-treated follow-up. In patients younger than 65 years, 5-year as-treated cardiovascular mortality was lower in PD compared to HD (HR 0.38, 95 % CI 0.15–0.96). This was not observed in patients older than 65 years (p for interaction = 0.023). The intention-to-treat analyses confirmed lower 5-year cardiovascular mortality in the younger (HR 0.28 95 % CI 0.11–0.68).
No interactions between gender or diabetes mellitus and initial dialysis modality were found concerning mortality.
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Discussion
Initial dialysis modality did not impact all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in this propensity matched study. However, the present study suggests that PD was more favourable with respect to survival compared to HD in patients below 65 years. Actually, 2-year all-cause mortality was more than halved in the younger PD patients compared to what was observed in HD patients, and the improved all-cause and cardiovascular survival persisted through five year of follow-up.
PD and HD have been considered to be equally effective as initial dialysis modalities concerning risk of mortality [7‐11]. Observational studies have also previously reported favourable outcomes in younger PD patients without comorbidities compared to HD patients, however limited to the first 1–2 years of dialysis treatment [12‐15]. The concern about increased mortality in PD compared to HD if treatment is continued beyond 1–2 years is not supported by our study [16]. Furthermore, elderly patients with diabetes mellitus have been claimed to do worse in PD compared to HD [7, 11]. We did not find any interaction between diabetes mellitus and dialysis modality related to outcome. No investigated subgroup had worse outcome in PD compared to HD in the present study, whether using as-treated or intention-to-treat analyses.
There are several reasons why our results may diverge from that of previous studies comparing outcome in PD and HD. Earlier studies are typically based on dialysis registries with patients included in the late 1990s and early 2000s [15, 16, 20]. Although survival for both HD and PD patients has improved during the last decades, survival has improved more in PD patients than in HD patients [21]. Our study included patients in the time period 2005 to 2012. During this period, more physiological dialysis solutions have been utilized for PD patients in Norway. Neutral-pH, low-glucose degradation product PD solutions result in better preservation of residual renal function and greater urine output compared to the traditional solutions [22]. Furthermore, the use of icodextrin and amino acid as alternative to glucose as osmotic agent may improve ultrafiltration capacity and lessen the harmful effects caused by glucose [23]. Thus, one may assume that our findings are partly explained by the evolvement of PD treatment in the last decade, suggesting that patients in the present study received improved quality PD compared to patients in most previous studies.
Propensity matched analyses were used to correct for the case-mix differences between patients treated with HD and PD. Based on predefined measured variables, patients starting PD were matched with HD patients with comparable baseline characteristics decided by propensity score. Propensity matched analyses open the possibility to design and analyse observational data so that it mimics some of the particular characteristics of a randomized controlled trial and could be superior to multivariate Cox regression to correct for confounding factors in observational studies [17]. Randomized controlled trials have been called for to assess the independent effect of dialysis modality on patient survival, but will probably never be performed. Both Cox regression and propensity matched analyses will be unable to properly correct for non-measured confounding variables. However, similar follow-up time in PD and HD patients in the intention-to-treat analyses should indicate that the propensity matched procedure was successful in creating comparable groups in our study.
Compared to similar studies that also used propensity matched analyses, our patients were matched on a larger number of variables and this should ensure improved reliability of our results [14, 24]. A recent American study by Kumar et al. [14] used methods and definitions comparable to ours. In this study, the cumulative HR of death favoured PD for up to three years in the as-treated analyses with no difference therafter [14]. As our study suggested favourable outcomes in PD in the younger patients, the difference in results from our study may be explained by the age difference between the two populations. While the mean age of American PD patients was 57 years, the mean age in our population was 65 years in PD as well as HD patients.
A higher rate of treatment failure is likely the cause of the shorter as-treated follow-up time in PD patients compared to that of HD patients. Technique failure is a major challenge for the “PD-first” policy, and the failure rate has not improved significantly the later years [3, 25]. PD was, however, a safe initial dialysis modality in all subgroups of patients in our study, as mortality rates were not affected by a later need of treatment conversion in our intention-to-treat analyses. High quality of care is important in PD, and limited experience in the renal unit may limit the use of PD as the initial treatment modality. According to our findings, some patients may then be deprived of a superior treatment.
In addition to the observational design of the study, some limitations need to be mentioned. Analyses were restricted to existing baseline variables in the Norwegian Renal Registry at the time of dialysis initiation. Thus, we were not able to match patients with regard to variables not included in the registry. Time in dialysis is usually short in Norway mainly due to high transplantation rates. The median time of follow-up was shorter in our study compared to what others have observed [9, 12, 15, 24]. Shorter median follow-up time could have affected our statistical power to predict late complications of any dialysis modality. Furthermore, the propensity matched analyses included only HD patients with similar baseline characteristics as patients actually treated with PD in the time period. As patients with baseline characteristics typically associated with HD are not included in our analyses, generalization and applicability of our results to apply for all ESRD patients should be done with care.
The choice of dialysis modality in individuals should not be decided solely on mortality studies [26]. Patient characteristics and preferences as well as, patient-related outcomes and centre experience may impact the choice [27, 28]. The use of PD has decreased in the western world, leaving HD the prominent initial dialysis modality in most countries [29, 30]. It is a paradox that less expensive equipotent treatment that may even provide improved prognosis in selected patients is not more widely preferred as initial ESRD treatment.
Conclusions
In this propensity matched study, PD as initial dialysis modality was not inferior to HD concerning five-year all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in any investigated subgroup of patients in the Norwegian dialysis population. PD as initial dialysis modality conveyed favourable survival compared to HD in patients younger than 65 years. Opposed to the trend of exaggerated use of HD compared to PD, increased use of PD could be advocated according to our data.
Acknowledgements:
The Norwegian Renal Registry is critically reliant on high quality data from all departments of nephrology in Norwegian hospitals. Every nephrologist who have worked at Norwegian dialysis units, have made this study possible.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests:
No financial or non-financial competing interests to be declared.
Authors’ contributions:
All authors have taken sufficiently part in the work to be listed as authors and have approved the final manuscript. IO is head of the research group at Department of Nephrology, Ullevål. IO had the initial initiative for the research protocol and has participated with enthusiasm in all stages of the process leading to the final manuscript. AVR and TL are heading the Norwegian Renal Registry, have primary knowledge to the registry data and have provided invaluable input of critical importance to the work. BW-G did the major work in conceiving the research protocol, performing the analyses and drafting of the manuscript. All authors have participated in drafting the research protocol and critically revising the manuscript.
