Background
Methods
Study population
Outcome variable
-
CHDI20, angina pectoris; I21, acute myocardial infarction; I22, subsequent myocardial infarction; I23, complications owing to acute cardiac infarction; I24, other acute forms of CHD; and I25, chronic CHD.
-
StrokeI60, subarachnoidal haemorrhage; I61-62, hemorrhagic stroke; I63 cerebral infarction; I64, acute cerebrovascular disease not specified as hemorrhagic or infarction; I65-I65, occlusion and stenosis of precerebral and cerebral arteries; I67-I68, other cerebrovascular diseases; and I69, late effects of cerebrovascular disease.
Predictor variable
Covariates
Statistics
Results
Population | Distribution | Number of CHD events | Neighborhood deprivation | Number of stroke events | Neighborhood deprivation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | (%) | Low (n = 467965) | Moderate (n = 1220698) | High (n = 352163) | Low (n = 467965) | Moderate (n = 1220698) | High (n = 352163) | |||
Men | ||||||||||
Total population | 2 040 826 | 100 147 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 51 802 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.0 | |
Bars/pubs | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 782 278 | 87.3 | 86 877 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 44 762 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
Availability | 258 548 | 12.7 | 13 270 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 5.6 | 7040 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
Fast food restaurants | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 113 878 | 54.6 | 53 589 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 27 333 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
Availability | 926 948 | 45.4 | 46 558 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 24 469 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 |
Health care facilities | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 254 981 | 61.5 | 59 663 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 30 469 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
Availability | 785 845 | 38.5 | 40 484 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 21 333 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 |
Physical activity facilities | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 204 920 | 59.0 | 58 110 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 5.9 | 30 037 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
Availability | 835 906 | 41.0 | 42 037 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.7 | 21 765 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.0 |
Women | ||||||||||
Total population | 2 153 426 | 54 441 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 42 113 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 | |
Bars/pubs | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 863 276 | 86.5 | 46 218 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 35 618 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Availability | 290 150 | 13.5 | 8223 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 6495 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 |
Fast food restaurants | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 147 263 | 53.3 | 26 945 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 20 747 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Availability | 1 006 163 | 46.7 | 27 496 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 21 366 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.5 |
Health care facilities | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 290 150 | 59.9 | 30 066 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 23 372 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Availability | 863 276 | 40.1 | 24 375 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 18 741 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Physical activity facilities | ||||||||||
No availability | 1 266 217 | 58.8 | 31 196 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 23 960 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
Availability | 887 209 | 41.2 | 23 245 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 18 153 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
Men (N = 2 040 826) | Women (N = 2 153 426) | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | |||||||||||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |||||||
Coronary heart disease | ||||||||||||||||||
Bars/pubs | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.04
|
1.01
|
1.08
| 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.02 |
1.13
|
1.08
|
1.17
|
1.08
|
1.04
|
1.13
| 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.02 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Fast-food restaurants | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.05
|
1.03
|
1.07
|
1.01
|
1.00
|
1.03
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 |
1.17
|
1.13
|
1.20
|
1.10
|
1.08
|
1.13
|
1.02
|
1.00
|
1.04
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Healthcare facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.10
|
1.07
|
1.12
|
1.05
|
1.03
|
1.07
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 |
1.22
|
1.19
|
1.26
|
1.15
|
1.12
|
1.18
|
1.03
|
1.00
|
1.05
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Physical activity facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.04
|
1.02
|
1.06
|
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.05
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 |
1.05
|
1.02
|
1.08
|
1.04
|
1.02
|
1.07
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | ||||||||||||||||||
Bars/pubs | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.08
|
1.04
|
1.12
|
1.05
|
1.01
|
1.08
|
1.03
|
1.00
|
1.06
|
1.17
|
1.12
|
1.22
|
1.21
|
1.16
|
1.26
| 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.05 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Fast-food restaurants | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.08
|
1.05
|
1.10
|
1.04
|
1.02
|
1.06
|
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.05
|
1.18
|
1.15
|
1.21
|
1.13
|
1.10
|
1.16
|
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.06
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Healthcare facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.12
|
1.10
|
1.15
|
1.08
|
1.06
|
1.10
|
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.05
|
1.21
|
1.17
|
1.24
|
1.15
|
1.12
|
1.18
| 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.04 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Physical activity facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.05
|
1.02
|
1.07
|
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.06
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.03 |
1.08
|
1.05
|
1.11
|
1.06
|
1.04
|
1.09
|
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.05
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Men (N = 2 040 826) | Women (N = 2 153 426) | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | |||||||||||||
OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |||||||
Coronary heart disease | ||||||||||||||||||
Bars/pubs | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.05
| 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 |
1.18
|
1.15
|
1.21
|
1.14
|
1.11
|
1.16
| 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.02 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Fast-food restaurants | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.06
|
1.04
|
1.08
|
1.04
|
1.02
|
1.05
| 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 |
1.24
|
1.21
|
1.27
|
1.21
|
1.18
|
1.23
|
1.02
|
1.00
|
1.04
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Healthcare facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.07
|
1.06
|
1.09
|
1.04
|
1.03
|
1.06
| 1.00 | 0.86 | 1.17 |
1.27
|
1.24
|
1.30
|
1.22
|
1.19
|
1.25
|
1.02
|
1.00
|
1.04
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Physical activity facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.03
|
1.01
|
1.05
|
1.01
|
1.00
|
1.03
| 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.01 |
1.14
|
1.11
|
1.16
|
1.11
|
1.08
|
1.13
| 0.98 | 0.96 | 1.00 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | ||||||||||||||||||
Bars/pubs | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.10
|
1.07
|
1.12
|
1.07
|
1.05
|
1.10
|
1.05
|
1.03
|
1.08
|
1.21
|
1.18
|
1.25
|
1.18
|
1.15
|
1.21
|
1.03
|
1.00
|
1.05
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Fast-food restaurants | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.11
|
1.09
|
1.14
|
1.10
|
1.07
|
1.12
|
1.06
|
1.04
|
1.08
|
1.27
|
1.24
|
1.31
|
1.25
|
1.21
|
1.28
|
1.04
|
1.02
|
1.07
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Healthcare facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.15
|
1.12
|
1.17
|
1.12
|
1.10
|
1.15
|
1.07
|
1.05
|
1.09
|
1.27
|
1.24
|
1.30
|
1.23
|
1.21
|
1.26
|
1.02
|
1.00
|
1.05
|
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Physical activity facilities | ||||||||||||||||||
Availability |
1.09
|
1.07
|
1.11
|
1.07
|
1.05
|
1.09
|
1.05
|
1.03
|
1.07
|
1.18
|
1.15
|
1.21
|
1.16
|
1.13
|
1.19
| 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.04 |
No availability | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |