Skip to main content
Erschienen in: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 6/2019

15.02.2019 | Original Paper

Impact of smoking on cardiac magnetic resonance infarct characteristics and clinical outcome in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction

verfasst von: Hans-Josef Feistritzer, Ingo Eitel, Alexander Jobs, Suzanne de Waha-Thiele, Thomas Stiermaier, Mohamed Abdel-Wahab, Philipp Lurz, Sebastian J. Reinstadler, Martin Reindl, Gert Klug, Bernhard Metzler, Steffen Desch, Holger Thiele

Erschienen in: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging | Ausgabe 6/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Data derived from several studies suggest a better survival in smokers with acute myocardial infarction, a phenomenon referred to as the ‘smoker’s paradox’. We aimed to investigate the association of smoking with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging determined infarct severity and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as the occurrence of death, reinfarction, and congestive heart failure at 12 months in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) reperfused by early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In this multicenter, registry study 311 NSTEMI patients underwent CMR imaging 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 2–4) days after PCI. Myocardial salvage index (MSI), infarct size (IS), and microvascular obstruction (MVO) as well as MACE rate were compared according to admission smoking status. Approximately one-third of patients were current smokers (n = 122, 39%). Smokers were significantly younger and less likely to have hypertension as compared to non-smokers (all p < 0.05). The extent of MSI (63.2, IQR 28.9–85.4 vs. 65.6, IQR 42.2–82.9, p = 0.30), and IS (7.2, IQR 2.3–15.7%LV vs. 7.0, IQR 2.2–12.4%LV, p = 0.27) did not differ significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Despite similar prevalence of MVO, MVO (%LV) was higher in smokers compared to non-smokers (2.0, IQR 0.9–4.7%LV vs. 1.2, IQR 0.7–2.2%LV, p = 0.03). MACE rates at 12 months were comparable in smokers and non-smokers (5.7% vs. 7.4%, p = 0.65). In NSTEMI patients, smoking is neither associated with increased myocardial salvage nor less severe myocardial damage. Clinical outcome at 12 months was similar in smokers and non-smokers.
Trial registration NCT03516578.
Literatur
1.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Barua RS, Ambrose JA (2013) Mechanisms of coronary thrombosis in cigarette smoke exposure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33(7):1460–1467CrossRefPubMed Barua RS, Ambrose JA (2013) Mechanisms of coronary thrombosis in cigarette smoke exposure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33(7):1460–1467CrossRefPubMed
3.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbash GI, White HD, Modan M, Diaz R, Hampton JR, Heikkila J et al (1993) Significance of smoking in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Experience gleaned from the International Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase Mortality Trial. Circulation 87(1):53–58CrossRefPubMed Barbash GI, White HD, Modan M, Diaz R, Hampton JR, Heikkila J et al (1993) Significance of smoking in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Experience gleaned from the International Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase Mortality Trial. Circulation 87(1):53–58CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Grines CL, Topol EJ, O’Neill WW, George BS, Kereiakes D, Phillips HR et al (1995) Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction. Circulation 91(2):298–303CrossRefPubMed Grines CL, Topol EJ, O’Neill WW, George BS, Kereiakes D, Phillips HR et al (1995) Effect of cigarette smoking on outcome after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction. Circulation 91(2):298–303CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbash GI, Reiner J, White HD, Wilcox RG, Armstrong PW, Sadowski Z et al (1995) Evaluation of paradoxic beneficial effects of smoking in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: mechanism of the “smoker’s paradox” from the GUSTO-I trial, with angiographic insights. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 26(5):1222–1229CrossRefPubMed Barbash GI, Reiner J, White HD, Wilcox RG, Armstrong PW, Sadowski Z et al (1995) Evaluation of paradoxic beneficial effects of smoking in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: mechanism of the “smoker’s paradox” from the GUSTO-I trial, with angiographic insights. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 26(5):1222–1229CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruiz-Bailen M, de Hoyos EA, Reina-Toral A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Alvarez-Bueno M, Gomez Jimenez FJ et al (2004) Paradoxical effect of smoking in the Spanish population with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: results of the ARIAM Register. Chest 125(3):831–840CrossRefPubMed Ruiz-Bailen M, de Hoyos EA, Reina-Toral A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Alvarez-Bueno M, Gomez Jimenez FJ et al (2004) Paradoxical effect of smoking in the Spanish population with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: results of the ARIAM Register. Chest 125(3):831–840CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Albertal M, Cura F, Escudero AG, Thierer J, Trivi M, Padilla LT et al (2008) Mechanism involved in the paradoxical effects of active smoking following primary angioplasty: a subanalysis of the protection of distal embolization in high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction trial. J Cardiovasc Med 9(8):810–812CrossRef Albertal M, Cura F, Escudero AG, Thierer J, Trivi M, Padilla LT et al (2008) Mechanism involved in the paradoxical effects of active smoking following primary angioplasty: a subanalysis of the protection of distal embolization in high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction trial. J Cardiovasc Med 9(8):810–812CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Verouden NJ, Haeck JD, Kuijt WJ, Meuwissen M, Koch KT, Henriques JP et al (2010) Clinical and angiographic predictors of ST-segment recovery after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 105(12):1692–1697CrossRefPubMed Verouden NJ, Haeck JD, Kuijt WJ, Meuwissen M, Koch KT, Henriques JP et al (2010) Clinical and angiographic predictors of ST-segment recovery after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 105(12):1692–1697CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Harris K, Chen EL, Simonetti O et al (1999) Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100(19):1992–2002CrossRefPubMed Kim RJ, Fieno DS, Parrish TB, Harris K, Chen EL, Simonetti O et al (1999) Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100(19):1992–2002CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Barouch LA, Schulman SP et al (1998) Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97(8):765–772CrossRefPubMed Wu KC, Zerhouni EA, Judd RM, Lugo-Olivieri CH, Barouch LA, Schulman SP et al (1998) Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97(8):765–772CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Regenfus M, Parker M et al (2003) Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 361(9355):374–379CrossRefPubMed Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Regenfus M, Parker M et al (2003) Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 361(9355):374–379CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat de Waha S, Desch S, Eitel I, Fuernau G, Zachrau J, Leuschner A et al (2010) Impact of early vs. late microvascular obstruction assessed by magnetic resonance imaging on long-term outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison with traditional prognostic markers. Eur Heart J 31(21):2660–2668CrossRefPubMed de Waha S, Desch S, Eitel I, Fuernau G, Zachrau J, Leuschner A et al (2010) Impact of early vs. late microvascular obstruction assessed by magnetic resonance imaging on long-term outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a comparison with traditional prognostic markers. Eur Heart J 31(21):2660–2668CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ (2000) Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2(4):271–278CrossRefPubMed Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ (2000) Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2(4):271–278CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Eitel I, Kubusch K, Strohm O, Desch S, Mikami Y, de Waha S et al (2011) Prognostic value and determinants of a hypointense infarct core in T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance in acute reperfused ST-elevation-myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4(4):354–362CrossRefPubMed Eitel I, Kubusch K, Strohm O, Desch S, Mikami Y, de Waha S et al (2011) Prognostic value and determinants of a hypointense infarct core in T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance in acute reperfused ST-elevation-myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 4(4):354–362CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Eitel I, de Waha S, Wohrle J, Fuernau G, Lurz P, Pauschinger M et al (2014) Comprehensive prognosis assessment by CMR imaging after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(12):1217–1226CrossRefPubMed Eitel I, de Waha S, Wohrle J, Fuernau G, Lurz P, Pauschinger M et al (2014) Comprehensive prognosis assessment by CMR imaging after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(12):1217–1226CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Desch S, Engelhardt H, Meissner J, Eitel I, Sareban M, Fuernau G et al (2012) Reliability of myocardial salvage assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(2):263–272CrossRefPubMed Desch S, Engelhardt H, Meissner J, Eitel I, Sareban M, Fuernau G et al (2012) Reliability of myocardial salvage assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(2):263–272CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Eitel I, Desch S, Fuernau G, Hildebrand L, Gutberlet M, Schuler G et al (2010) Prognostic significance and determinants of myocardial salvage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(22):2470–2479CrossRefPubMed Eitel I, Desch S, Fuernau G, Hildebrand L, Gutberlet M, Schuler G et al (2010) Prognostic significance and determinants of myocardial salvage assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(22):2470–2479CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinstadler SJ, Eitel C, Fuernau G, de Waha S, Desch S, Mende M et al (2017) Association of smoking with myocardial injury and clinical outcome in patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 18(1):39–45CrossRefPubMed Reinstadler SJ, Eitel C, Fuernau G, de Waha S, Desch S, Mende M et al (2017) Association of smoking with myocardial injury and clinical outcome in patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 18(1):39–45CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gennaro G, Brener SJ, Redfors B, Kirtane AJ, Genereux P, Maehara A et al (2016) Effect of smoking on infarct size and major adverse cardiac events in patients with large anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from the INFUSE-AMI trial). Am J Cardiol 118(8):1097–1104CrossRefPubMed Gennaro G, Brener SJ, Redfors B, Kirtane AJ, Genereux P, Maehara A et al (2016) Effect of smoking on infarct size and major adverse cardiac events in patients with large anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from the INFUSE-AMI trial). Am J Cardiol 118(8):1097–1104CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat de Waha S, Eitel I, Desch S, Scheller B, Bohm M, Lauer B et al (2013) Thrombus Aspiration in ThrOmbus containing culpRiT lesions in Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (TATORT-NSTEMI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 14:110CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral de Waha S, Eitel I, Desch S, Scheller B, Bohm M, Lauer B et al (2013) Thrombus Aspiration in ThrOmbus containing culpRiT lesions in Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (TATORT-NSTEMI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 14:110CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Stiermaier T, Eitel I, de Waha S, Poss J, Fuernau G, Thiele H et al (2017) Myocardial salvage after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction presenting early versus late after symptom onset. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 33(10):1571–1579CrossRefPubMed Stiermaier T, Eitel I, de Waha S, Poss J, Fuernau G, Thiele H et al (2017) Myocardial salvage after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction presenting early versus late after symptom onset. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 33(10):1571–1579CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Klug G, Mayr A, Schenk S, Esterhammer R, Schocke M, Nocker M et al (2012) Prognostic value at 5 years of microvascular obstruction after acute myocardial infarction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:46CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Klug G, Mayr A, Schenk S, Esterhammer R, Schocke M, Nocker M et al (2012) Prognostic value at 5 years of microvascular obstruction after acute myocardial infarction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 14:46CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayr A, Pedarnig K, Klug G, Schocke M, Pachinger O, Jaschke W et al (2012) Regional functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: a cardiac magnetic resonance long-term study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(6):1445–1453CrossRefPubMed Mayr A, Pedarnig K, Klug G, Schocke M, Pachinger O, Jaschke W et al (2012) Regional functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: a cardiac magnetic resonance long-term study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 28(6):1445–1453CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayr A, Klug G, Feistritzer HJ, Reinstadler SJ, Reindl M, Esterhammer R et al (2017) Myocardial edema in acute myocarditis: relationship of T2 relaxometry and late enhancement burden by using dual-contrast turbo spin-echo MRI. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 33(11):1789–1794CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mayr A, Klug G, Feistritzer HJ, Reinstadler SJ, Reindl M, Esterhammer R et al (2017) Myocardial edema in acute myocarditis: relationship of T2 relaxometry and late enhancement burden by using dual-contrast turbo spin-echo MRI. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 33(11):1789–1794CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Feistritzer HJ, Klug G, Reinstadler SJ, Grober MT, Mair J, Kirchmair R et al (2015) Fetuin-A is related to infarct size, left ventricular function and remodelling after acute STEMI. Open Heart 2(1):e000244CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Feistritzer HJ, Klug G, Reinstadler SJ, Grober MT, Mair J, Kirchmair R et al (2015) Fetuin-A is related to infarct size, left ventricular function and remodelling after acute STEMI. Open Heart 2(1):e000244CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Thiele H, Kappl MJ, Conradi S, Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Schuler G (2006) Reproducibility of chronic and acute infarct size measurement by delayed enhancement-magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(8):1641–1645CrossRefPubMed Thiele H, Kappl MJ, Conradi S, Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Schuler G (2006) Reproducibility of chronic and acute infarct size measurement by delayed enhancement-magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(8):1641–1645CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Reinstadler SJ, Stiermaier T, Reindl M, Feistritzer HJ, Fuernau G, Eitel C et al (2019) Intramyocardial haemorrhage and prognosis after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 20(2):138–146CrossRefPubMed Reinstadler SJ, Stiermaier T, Reindl M, Feistritzer HJ, Fuernau G, Eitel C et al (2019) Intramyocardial haemorrhage and prognosis after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 20(2):138–146CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Symons R, Masci PG, Francone M, Claus P, Barison A, Carbone I et al (2016) Impact of active smoking on myocardial infarction severity in reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: the smoker’s paradox revisited. Eur Heart J 37(36):2756–2764CrossRefPubMed Symons R, Masci PG, Francone M, Claus P, Barison A, Carbone I et al (2016) Impact of active smoking on myocardial infarction severity in reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: the smoker’s paradox revisited. Eur Heart J 37(36):2756–2764CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H et al (2018) 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 39(2):119–177CrossRef Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H et al (2018) 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 39(2):119–177CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gottlieb S, Boyko V, Zahger D, Balkin J, Hod H, Pelled B et al (1996) Smoking and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era (Israeli Thrombolytic National Survey). J Am Coll Cardiol 28(6):1506–1513CrossRefPubMed Gottlieb S, Boyko V, Zahger D, Balkin J, Hod H, Pelled B et al (1996) Smoking and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era (Israeli Thrombolytic National Survey). J Am Coll Cardiol 28(6):1506–1513CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrikopoulos GK, Richter DJ, Dilaveris PE, Pipilis A, Zaharoulis A, Gialafos JE et al (2001) In-hospital mortality of habitual cigarette smokers after acute myocardial infarction; the “smoker’s paradox” in a countrywide study. Eur Heart J 22(9):776–784CrossRefPubMed Andrikopoulos GK, Richter DJ, Dilaveris PE, Pipilis A, Zaharoulis A, Gialafos JE et al (2001) In-hospital mortality of habitual cigarette smokers after acute myocardial infarction; the “smoker’s paradox” in a countrywide study. Eur Heart J 22(9):776–784CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Weisz G, Cox DA, Garcia E, Tcheng JE, Griffin JJ, Guagliumi G et al (2005) Impact of smoking status on outcomes of primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction–the smoker’s paradox revisited. Am Heart J 150(2):358–364CrossRefPubMed Weisz G, Cox DA, Garcia E, Tcheng JE, Griffin JJ, Guagliumi G et al (2005) Impact of smoking status on outcomes of primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction–the smoker’s paradox revisited. Am Heart J 150(2):358–364CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Allahwala UK, Murphy JC, Nelson GI, Bhindi R (2013) Absence of a ‘smoker’s paradox’ in field triaged ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 14(4):213–217CrossRefPubMed Allahwala UK, Murphy JC, Nelson GI, Bhindi R (2013) Absence of a ‘smoker’s paradox’ in field triaged ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 14(4):213–217CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Park HW, Yoon CH, Kang SH, Choi DJ, Kim HS, Cho MC et al (2013) Early- and late-term clinical outcome and their predictors in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 169(4):254–261CrossRefPubMed Park HW, Yoon CH, Kang SH, Choi DJ, Kim HS, Cho MC et al (2013) Early- and late-term clinical outcome and their predictors in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 169(4):254–261CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakabayashi K, Romaguera R, Laynez-Carnicero A, Maluenda G, Ben-Dor I, Sardi G et al (2011) Impact of smoking on acute phase outcomes of myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis 22(4):217–222CrossRefPubMed Wakabayashi K, Romaguera R, Laynez-Carnicero A, Maluenda G, Ben-Dor I, Sardi G et al (2011) Impact of smoking on acute phase outcomes of myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis 22(4):217–222CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Impact of smoking on cardiac magnetic resonance infarct characteristics and clinical outcome in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
verfasst von
Hans-Josef Feistritzer
Ingo Eitel
Alexander Jobs
Suzanne de Waha-Thiele
Thomas Stiermaier
Mohamed Abdel-Wahab
Philipp Lurz
Sebastian J. Reinstadler
Martin Reindl
Gert Klug
Bernhard Metzler
Steffen Desch
Holger Thiele
Publikationsdatum
15.02.2019
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging / Ausgabe 6/2019
Print ISSN: 1569-5794
Elektronische ISSN: 1875-8312
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-019-01556-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2019

The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 6/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Update Kardiologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.