Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Definition of NAFLD
Lung function measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants according to FVC (% pred) or FEV1 (% pred) quartile
Without NAFLD (n = 1164) | With NAFLD (n = 678) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|
ATPIII-defined metabolic syndrome n(%) | 433(37.21) | 526(77.64) | <0.001 |
Sex n (% men) | 376(32.3) | 213(31.4) | 0.38 |
Age (years)b
| 55.38 ± 8.10 | 56.97 ± 7.55 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.32 ± 2.95 | 26.47 ± 6.33 | <0.001 |
Currents smokers n (%) | 275(23.63) | 178(26.30) | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 127.49 ± 20.64 | 133.10 ± 20.98 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.99 ± 10.53 | 81.77 ± 10.34 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.18 ± 10.46 | 89.42 ± 8.70 | <0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 94.12 ± 6.06 | 99.05 ± 6.95 | <0.001 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.14 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.02 ± 1.45 | 6.65 ± 1.93 | <0.001 |
2 h PG (mmol/L) | 7.87 ± 3.40 | 9.17 ± 4.22 | <0.001 |
A1C(%) | 5.82 ± 0.86 | 6.25 ± 1.14 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.47 (1.13–1.92) | 2.36 (1.63–3.27) | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.38 ± 0.95 | 2.16 ± 1.54 | <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.28 | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.55 ± 0.74 | 2.70 ± 0.80 | <0.001 |
AST(units/l) | 15.92 ± 8.67 | 22.29 ± 12.54 | <0.001 |
ALT(units/l) | 14.15 ± 10.03 | 21.19 ± 15.87 | <0.001 |
GGT(units/l) | 24.09 ± 28.30 | 38.61 ± 48.45 | <0.001 |
Quartile 1 (n = 450) | Quartile 2 (n = 471) | Quartile 3 (n = 460) | Quartile 4 (n = 471) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FVC (% predicted) | 0.63 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.25 | 0.87 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.28 | <0.001 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 0.70 ± 0.18 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 1.01 ± 0.26 | 1.27 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC ratio | 0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.77 ± 0.22 | 0.76 ± 0.23 | 0.74 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
MS (n, %) | 294(65.33) | 271(57.53) | 253(55.00) | 232(49.26) | <0.001 |
NAFLD (n, %) | 193(42.89) | 188(39.92) | 160(34.78) | 137(29.09) | <0.001 |
Age (years)b
| 56.64 ± 8.23 | 55.65 ± 7.87 | 55.37 ± 7.48 | 56.31 ± 7.91 | 0.007 |
Male (n, %) | 45(10.00) | 78 (16.56) | 168(36.52) | 384(81.53) | <0.001 |
Current smoking (n, %) | 51(11.33) | 66(14.01) | 87(18.91) | 166(35.24) | <0.001 |
Current drinker (n, %) | 61(13.56) | 88(18.68) | 86(18.70) | 183(38.85) | <0.001 |
Regular exerciser (n, %) | 265(58.89) | 282(59.87) | 275(59.78) | 284(60.29) | 0.978 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.82 ± 3.97 | 25.09 ± 3.59 | 24.48 ± 3.27 | 24.73 ± 3.34 | 0.102 |
SBP (mmHg) | 137.56 ± 19.42 | 134.32 ± 18.82 | 131.51 ± 19.15 | 135.78 ± 18.95 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 82.40 ± 10.44 | 82.16 ± 10.87 | 80.98 ± 9.98 | 82.53 ± 10.57 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 86.54 ± 11.48 | 85.76 ± 11.11 | 83.93 ± 10.31 | 84.73 ± 10.45 | 0.002 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 6.54 ± 1.87 | 6.65 ± 2.21 | 6.32 ± 1.75 | 6.31 ± 1.36 | 0.011 |
2 h PG (mmol/L) | 9.42 ± 4.23 | 9.43 ± 4.57 | 8.70 ± 4.01 | 8.38 ± 3.61 | <0.001 |
A1C (%) | 5.90 ± 1.10 | 5.94 ± 1.23 | 5.75 ± 1.01 | 5.67 ± 0.83 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IRc | 2.32(1.44–3.31) | 1.84 (1.30–2.68) | 1.75(1.22–2.50) | 1.66(1.18–2.32) | 0.029 |
eGFR | 124.75 ± 25.25 | 122.57 ± 21.90 | 120.30 ± 19.95 | 114.73 ± 21.85 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L)c
| 1.88 ± 1.27 | 1.76 ± 1.30 | 1.63 ± 1.05 | 1.89 ± 1.65 | 0.009 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.14 ± 0.96 | 5.07 ± 0.88 | 4.87 ± 0.85 | 4.86 ± 0.88 | <0.001 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.32 | 1.36 ± 0.31 | 1.31 ± 0.32 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 0.004 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.84 ± 0.75 | 2.81 ± 0.74 | 2.73 ± 0.70 | 2.71 ± 0.72 | <0.001 |
ALT (units/l) | 21.37 ± 17.36 | 21.08 ± 15.98 | 19.78 ± 14.06 | 17.82 ± 11.15 | <0.001 |
AST (units/l) | 25.35 ± 13.05 | 24.28 ± 12.53 | 24.13 ± 10.75 | 22.14 ± 7.31 | <0.001 |
GGT (units/l) | 42.19 ± 42.29 | 36.22 ± 51.10 | 30.96 ± 33.42 | 29.91 ± 37.36 | <0.001 |
Quartile 1 (n = 454) | Quartile 2 (n = 467) | Quartile 3 (n = 464) | Quartile 4 (n = 467) |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FEV1 (%) | 0.66 ± 0.11 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 1.42 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
FVC (%) | 0.66 ± 0.14 | 0.79 ± 0.12 | 0.92 ± 0.20 | 1.13 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC ratio | 73.21 ± 22.91 | 77.23 ± 22.01 | 76.63 ± 22.81 | 78.02 ± 22.61 | <0.001 |
MS (n, %) | 282(62.11) | 273(58.46) | 255(54.96) | 240(51.39) | <0.001 |
NAFLD (n, %) | 200(44.05) | 171(36.62) | 162(34.91) | 145(30.79) | <0.001 |
Age (years)b
| 56.37 ± 8.22 | 55.51 ± 7.72 | 55.17 ± 8.12 | 56.68 ± 7.50 | 0.004 |
Male (n, %) | 47(10.35) | 82(17.56) | 164(35.34) | 382(81.80) | <0.001 |
Current smoking (n, %) | 55(12.11) | 68(14.56) | 87(18.75) | 159(34.05) | <0.001 |
Current drinker (n, %) | 64(14.10) | 90(19.27) | 89(19.18) | 175(37.47) | <0.001 |
Regular exerciser (n, %) | 263(57.93) | 285(61.03) | 272(58.62) | 287(61.46) | 0.872 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.81 ± 3.93 | 24.76 ± 3.64 | 25.05 ± 3.42 | 24.74 ± 3.32 | 0.556 |
SBP (mmHg) | 136.28 ± 19.26 | 135.84 ± 19.25 | 134.38 ± 18.12 | 133.54 ± 20.55 | 0.002 |
DBP (mmHg) | 82.50 ± 10.43 | 82.12 ± 10.49 | 82.06 ± 10.36 | 81.90 ± 10.81 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 86.04 ± 11.68 | 85.06 ± 11.34 | 86.05 ± 10.27 | 84.70 ± 10.29 | 0.015 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 6.55 ± 1.88 | 6.50 ± 3.64 | 6.48 ± 1.90 | 6.36 ± 1.49 | 0.004 |
2 h PG (mmol/L) | 9.30 ± 4.20 | 9.10 ± 4.39 | 9.03 ± 4.09 | 8.47 ± 3.79 | 0.017 |
A1C(%) | 5.88 ± 1.07 | 5.88 ± 1.14 | 5.83 ± 1.11 | 5.70 ± 0.93 | 0.035 |
HOMA-IRc
| 2.30(1.42–3.33) | 1.79(1.28–2.63) | 1.70(1.23–2.52) | 1.64(1.15–2.31) | 0.025 |
eGFR | 124.85 ± 25.05 | 121.73 ± 21.24 | 119.85 ± 21.90 | 115.14 ± 21.27 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.86 ± 1.26 | 1.73 ± 1.35 | 1.80 ± 1.38 | 1.77 ± 1.42 | 0.035 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.06 ± 0.93 | 4.95 ± 1.02 | 4.98 ± 0.84 | 4.92 ± 0.82 | 0.125 |
HDL–c (mmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.32 | 1.32 ± 0.30 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 0.031 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.83 ± 0.75 | 2.79 ± 0.79 | 2.70 ± 0.67 | 2.69 ± 0.68 | 0.007 |
ALT(units/l) | 21.22 ± 14.07 | 21.15 ± 14.28 | 19.94 ± 13.53 | 18.17 ± 13.09 | <0.001 |
AST(units/l) | 24.97 ± 12.85 | 24.31 ± 12.66 | 24.03 ± 11.49 | 22.47 ± 10.29 | <0.001 |
GGT(units/l) | 41.25 ± 37.73 | 38.07 ± 43.25 | 31.24 ± 34.71 | 28.99 ± 36.52 | <0.001 |
Association between quartiles of FVC (% pred) and FEV1 (% pred) and NAFLD
FVC(% pred) | |||||
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |
P value | |
Model 1 | 1.82(1.38–2.39) | 1.60(1.23–2.12) | 1.29(0.97–1.70) | 1 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.65(1.27–2.24) | 1.39(1.18–2.01) | 1.12(0.87–1.52) | 1 | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 1.37(1.18–1.97) | 1.19(1.08–1.82) | 1.04(0.79–1.28) | 1 | <0.001 |
FEV1(% pred) | |||||
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 |
P value | |
Model 1 | 1.74(1.32–2.28) | 1.27(0.96–1.67) | 1.18(0.90–1.55) | 1 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 1.48(1.24–2.12) | 1.13(0.89–1.48) | 1.09(0.81–1.39) | 1 | 0.004 |
Model 3 | 1.24(1.11–1.87) | 1.07(0.76–1.21) | 1.03(0.72–1.19) | 1 | 0.009 |