Instrumentation of the lumbar spine is a common procedure for treating pathologic conditions. Studies have revealed the risks of pathologies in the adjacent segments, with the incidence rate being up to 36.1%. Revision procedures are often required, including extension of the instrumentation by the use of connectors to adjacent levels. The aim of this study was to determine the stiffness of side-to-side and end-to-end connectors for comparison with the use of continuous rods.
Methods
Ten human lumbar spine specimens (L1–S1) were tested about the three axes under pure moment loading of ± 7.5 Nm. Nine conditions were used to investigate the functions of the extensions for different instrumentation lengths (L3–S1 and L2–S1) and different connector levels (L3/4 and L2/3). The intersegmental range of motion (iROM) and intersegmental neutral zone as well as total range of motion (tROM) and total neutral zone (tNZ) were analyzed.
Results
The application of the spinal system significantly decreased the tROMs (− 44 to − 83%) and iROMs in levels L2/3 (− 56 to − 94%) and L3/4 (− 68 to − 99%) in all the tested directions, and the tNZ under flexion/extension (− 63 to − 71%) and axial rotation (− 34 to − 72%). These decreases were independent of the employed configuration (p < 0.05). The only significant changes in the iROM were observed under lateral bending between the continuous rod and the side-to-side connector at level L3/4 (p = 0.006).
Conclusion
From a biomechanical viewpoint, the tested connectors are comparable to continuous rods in terms of ROM and NZ.
Graphical abstract
These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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