Introduction
Methods
Study subjects
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents
Clinical evaluation
Functional magnetic resonance image acquisition
Data preprocessing
Group ICA
Main analysis: whole-brain functional connectivity analysis
Secondary analysis: connectivity with the hypothalamus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and periaqueductal gray
Statistical analysis
Results
Study subjects
Episodic migraine (n = 44) | Chronic migraine (n = 18) | P | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (range) | 40 ± 10.2 (22–57) | 41.4 ± 10.9 (19–55) | 0.622 |
Female sex | 36 (81.82%) | 11 (61.11%) | 0.084 |
Disease duration, y | 12.0 ± 9.0 | 12.9 ± 9.9 | 0.822 |
Headache days per month | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 23 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
Moderate/severe headache days per month | 4.3 ± 2.7 | 13.3 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 |
Migraine with aura | 4 (9.09%) | 4 (22.22%) | 0.214 |
Allodynia | 8 (18.18%) | 5 (27.78%) | 0.400 |
Anxiety | 15 (34.09%) | 9 (50%) | 0.243 |
Depression | 6 (13.64%) | 6 (33.33%) | 0.075 |
Functional network identification
ICs | Termsa | Correlation value |
---|---|---|
1 | Visual | 0.610 |
Sighted | 0.328 | |
Lingual | 0.311 | |
2 | Default | 0.404 |
Autobiographical | 0.310 | |
Episodic | 0.302 | |
3 | Response inhibition | 0.185 |
Pain | 0.170 | |
Painful | 0.161 | |
4 | Value | 0.197 |
Reward | 0.178 | |
Default | 0.177 | |
5 | Mind | 0.337 |
Theory mind | 0.328 | |
Default | 0.323 | |
6 | Working memory | 0.459 |
Calculation | 0.393 | |
Tasks | 0.388 | |
7 | Somatosensory | 0.624 |
Sensorimotor | 0.613 | |
Primary motor | 0.6 |
Differences in functional connectivity
P value* | |
---|---|
Univariable | 0.0462 |
Multivariable | |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA | 0.0420 |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA, allodynia | 0.0238 |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA, depression, anxiety | 0.0210 |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA, allodynia, depression, anxiety | 0.0378 |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA, allodynia, depression, anxiety, disease duration | 0.0283 |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA, allodynia, depression, anxiety, disease duration, headache intensity | 0.0300 |
Adjusted for age, sex, MWA, allodynia, depression, anxiety, disease duration, headache intensity, acute antimigraine drug use/month | 0.0291 |