Background
Methods
Data
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive results
Explanatory variables | Females | Males | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Individual level | ||||
Education |
χ
2 = 25.3; p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 17.1; p < 0.001 | ||
No education | 1,138 | 65.8 | 342 | 84.1 |
Primary | 1,163 | 65.0 | 410 | 77.0 |
Secondary | 4,681 | 67.1 | 2,532 | 73.5 |
Tertiary | 576 | 78.0 | 492 | 77.5 |
Age group |
χ
2 = p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 57.2; p < 0.001 | ||
15–19 | 1,070 | 57.8 | 633 | 66.9 |
20–24 | 1,275 | 65.8 | 499 | 68.4 |
25–29 | 1,340 | 67.7 | 527 | 76.6 |
30–34 | 1,161 | 69.9 | 486 | 77.1 |
35–39 | 1,093 | 69.9 | 425 | 76.3 |
40–44 | 878 | 72.9 | 413 | 81.9 |
45–49 | 739 | 69.7 | 319 | 80.9 |
50–54 | – | – | 276 | 78.5 |
55–59 | – | – | 196 | 83.1 |
Marital status |
χ
2
= 15.3; p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 32.2; p < 0.001 | ||
Never married | 2,415 | 63.6 | 1,525 | 70.1 |
Married/In-union | 4,287 | 69.8 | 2,043 | 78.6 |
Formerly married | 856 | 66.4 | 209 | 81.4 |
Household level | ||||
Household wealth quintile |
χ
2 = 34.5; p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 6.3; p < 0.175 | ||
Poorest | 862 | 64.8 | 529 | 81.6 |
Poorer | 1,237 | 64.3 | 658 | 76.7 |
Average | 1553 | 65.7 | 725 | 75.5 |
Richer | 1,879 | 66.6 | 873 | 71.2 |
Richest | 2,027 | 72.6 | 991 | 74.6 |
Community variables | ||||
Ethnicity |
χ
2 = 168.0; p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 54.7; p < 0.001 | ||
Akan | 4,173 | 65.7 | 1,961 | 71.1 |
Ga/Dangme | 600 | 67.8 | 352 | 83.4 |
Ewe | 1,014 | 81.1 | 521 | 84.1 |
Mole-Dagbani | 935 | 60.7 | 484 | 78.3 |
Gurma | 259 | 71.9 | 177 | 80.5 |
Others | 575 | 64.0 | 281 | 15.7 |
Religion |
χ
2
= 33.9;p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 8.1; p < 0.089 | ||
Orthodox Christian | 1,852 | 67.3 | 956 | 75.9 |
Pentecostal | 3,210 | 68.9 | 1,158 | 73.0 |
Other Christian | 1,228 | 61.1 | 698 | 77.7 |
Moslem | 995 | 74.6 | 625 | 79.3 |
Traditional/Others | 272 | 74.6 | 339 | 79.3 |
Region |
χ
2 = 330.0; p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 339.7; p < 0.001 | ||
Western | 935 | 65.4 | 436 | 72.3 |
Central | 776 | 56.2 | 379 | 88.7 |
Greater Accra | 1,681 | 77.4 | 823 | 87.8 |
Volta | 538 | 83.8 | 279 | 85.3 |
Eastern | 658 | 68.9 | 381 | 76.8 |
Ashanti | 1,582 | 66.6 | 735 | 50.6 |
Brong-Ahafo | 596 | 52.1 | 302 | 63.2 |
Northern | 390 | 69.1 | 264 | 95.3 |
Upper East | 251 | 48.6 | 99 | 73.2 |
Upper West | 151 | 57.8 | 75 | 69.3 |
Residence |
χ
2 = 0.01 p < 0.893 |
χ
2 = 5.7; p < 0.016 | ||
Urban | 4,410 | 67.9 | 2,052 | 72.1 |
Rural | 3,149 | 66.7 | 1,725 | 79.3 |
Media exposure variables | ||||
Newspaper/Magazine |
χ
2 = 6.5; p < 0.038 |
χ
2 = 13.4; p < 0.001 | ||
Not at all | 5,904 | 66.9 | 2,335 | 73.6 |
Less than once a week | 880 | 66.7 | 721 | 81.8 |
At least once a week | 769 | 66.4 | 719 | 81.4 |
Radio |
χ
2 = 7.3; p < 0.038 |
χ
2 = 25.0; p < 0.001 | ||
Not at all | 910 | 67.2 | 166 | 55.3 |
Less than once a week | 2,426 | 67.7 | 577 | 82.4 |
At least once a week | 4,223 | 67.4 | 3,034 | 75.1 |
Television |
χ
2 = 16.1; p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 11.7; p < 0.003 | ||
Not at all | 1,430 | 64.9 | 540 | 73.6 |
Less than once a week | 2,019 | 68.8 | 685 | 82.8 |
At least once a week | 4,110 | 67.4 | 2,552 | 73.7 |
Views about HIV disclosure | ||||
Keeping HIV & AIDS in family secret |
χ
2 = 1.2;p < 0.001 |
χ
2 = 799.5; p < 0.001 | ||
No | 3,381 | 88.9 | 2,097 | 93.1 |
Yes | 4,116 | 49.8 | 1,665 | 52.8 |
Multivariable logistic regression results
Predictor variables | Females | Males | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Individual level variables | ||||
Education (No education) | ||||
Primary | 1.049 | [0.870,1.264] | 0.940 | [0.594,1.487] |
Secondary | 0.851 | [0.715,1.013] | 0.920 | [0.635,1.332] |
Tertiary | 0.582***
| [0.433,0.782] | 0.863 | [0.536,1.389] |
Age group (15–19) | ||||
20–24 | 0.701**
| [0.564,0.871] | 0.648**
| [0.470,0.893] |
25–29 | 0.713**
| [0.568,0.895] | 0.545**
| [0.377,0.787] |
30–34 | 0.564***
| [0.442,0.719] | 0.465***
| [0.309,0.701] |
35–39 | 0.576***
| [0.449,0.738] | 0.558*
| [0.352,0.886] |
40–44 | 0.632***
| [0.493,0.811] | 0.473**
| [0.294,0.760] |
45–49 | 0.801*
| [0.669,0.960] | 0.498**
| [0.310,0.801] |
50–54 | - | - | 0.602*
| [0.371,0.978] |
55–59 | - | - | 0.353***
| [0.201,0.622] |
Marital status (Never married) | ||||
Married/In-union | 1.010 | [0.856,1.191] | 1.046 | [0.761,1.438] |
Formerly married | 1.131 | [0.896,1.427] | 0.937 | [0.586,1.496] |
Household factor | ||||
Household wealth quintile (Poorest) | ||||
Poorer | 1.046 | [0.841,1.300] | 0.784 | [0.560,1.096] |
Average | 1.070 | [0.838,1.366] | 0.752 | [0.507,1.116] |
Richer | 0.923 | [0.704,1.209] | 0.817 | [0.534,1.252] |
Richest | 0.855 | [0.630,1.161] | 0.793 | [0.485,1.296] |
Community-related variables | ||||
Ethnicity (Akan) | ||||
Ga/Dangme | 1.431*
| [1.080,1.897] | 0.904 | [0.603,1.353] |
Ewe | 0.805 | [0.630,1.029] | 0.951 | [0.636,1.424] |
Mole-Dagbani | 1.091 | [0.847,1.406] | 0.877 | [0.601,1.281] |
Gurma | 0.872 | [0.591,1.287] | 1.145 | [0.649,2.021] |
Others | 1.105 | [0.860,1.419] | 1.305 | [0.876,1.943] |
Religion (Orthodox Christian) | ||||
Pentecostal | 0.919 | [0.793,1.066] | 1.143 | [0.892,1.464] |
Other Christian | 0.898 | [0.739,1.091] | 0.903 | [0.685,1.191] |
Moslem | 0.976 | [0.795,1.199] | 0.841 | [0.603,1.171] |
Traditional/Others | 0.821 | [0.600,1.124] | 1.133 | [0.784,1.637] |
Region (Western) | ||||
Central | 1.231 | [0.834,1.816] | 0.457**
| [0.277,0.755] |
Greater Accra | 0.605**
| [0.415,0.883] | 0.423***
| [0.265,0.675] |
Volta | 0.551**
| [0.355,0.855] | 0.624 | [0.349,1.116] |
Eastern | 0.730 | [0.496,1.074] | 0.765 | [0.526,1.114] |
Ashanti | 0.957 | [0.664,1.378] | 1.845*
| [1.117,3.049] |
Brong-Ahafo | 1.276 | [0.897,1.816] | 1.397 | [0.890,2.191] |
Northern | 1.004 | [0.627,1.606] | 0.206***
| [0.0998,0.427] |
Upper East | 1.299 | [0.832,2.028] | 1.198 | [0.684,2.097] |
Upper West | 0.806 | [0.520,1.248] | 1.110 | [0.648,1.902] |
Residence (Urban) | ||||
Rural | 0.858 | [0.702,1.048] | 0.803 | [0.597,1.079] |
Media exposure | ||||
Newspaper/Magazine (Not at all) | ||||
Less than once a week | 1.064 | [0.860,1.318] | 0.685**
| [0.517,0.908] |
At least once a week | 1.008 | [0.796,1.276] | 0.811 | [0.619,1.063] |
Radio (Not at all) | ||||
Less than once a week | 0.922 | [0.764,1.111] | 0.797 | [0.483,1.316] |
At least once a week | 1.048 | [0.873,1.257] | 0.657 | [0.416,1.038] |
Television (Not at all) | ||||
Less than once a week | 0.732**
| [0.603,0.888] | 0.960 | [0.683,1.349] |
At least once a week | 0.952 | [0.794,1.141] | 1.229 | [0.893,1.691] |
Views about HIV/AIDS status disclosure | ||||
Disclosure of HIV & AIDS in family | ||||
No | 1 | [1, 1] | 1 | [1, 1] |
Yes | 6.992***
| [6.026,8.113] | 9.870***
| [7.894,12.34] |
N | 7,492 | 3,762 | ||
AIC | 259.8 | 3204.1 |