Introduction
Materials and methods
Participants
No | Overall olfactory function | Duration of olfactory loss [months] | Age [years] | Sex | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(TDI score) | |||||
Congenital olfactory loss (n = 14) | P01 | 13 | 67 | Female | |
P02 | 11 | 64 | Male | ||
P03 | 12.5 | 48 | Female | ||
P04 | 14 | 23 | Male | ||
P05 | 17.5 | 19 | Male | ||
P06 | 12 | 34 | Male | ||
P07 | 11 | 27 | Female | ||
P08 | 7.25 | 30 | Male | ||
P09 | 13 | 30 | Female | ||
P10 | 16 | 39 | Female | ||
P11 | 12 | 23 | Male | ||
P12 | 10 | 76 | Female | ||
P13 | 9 | 22 | Male | ||
P14 | 15.25 | 22 | Female | ||
Idiopathic olfactory dysfunction (n = 8) | P15 | 10 | 9 | 33 | Female |
P16 | 18.25 | 12 | 64 | Female | |
P17 | 14 | 108 | 57 | Male | |
P18 | 11 | 48 | 54 | Female | |
P19 | 6.25 | 48 | 70 | Male | |
P20 | 1 | 96 | 55 | Female | |
P21 | 18 | 36 | 58 | Male | |
P22 | 9 | 84 | 60 | Male |
Assessment of olfactory function
Odor stimulation paradigm
MRI data acquisition and preprocessing
MRI data analysis
Results
Group level brain activation
TDI | Age (years) | Sex | ROI (signal change%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
POC | OFC | Insular | |||||
Subject with olfactory dysfunction (n = 22) | P01 | 13.00 | 67 | f | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
P02 | 11.00 | 64 | m | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.00 | |
P03 | 12.50 | 48 | m | 0.06 | − 0.05 | 0.01 | |
P04 | 14.00 | 23 | m | − 0.20 | − 0.11 | − 0.09 | |
P05 | 17.50 | 19 | m | 0.10 | − 0.05 | − 0.02 | |
P06 | 12.00 | 34 | m | − 0.05 | − 0.04 | − 0.04 | |
P07 | 11.00 | 27 | f | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.29 | |
P08 | 7.25 | 30 | m | 0.02 | 0.08 | − 0.07 | |
P09 | 13.00 | 30 | f | 0.14 | 0.30 | − 0.01 | |
P10 | 10.00 | 33 | f | 0.00 | − 0.02 | − 0.16 | |
P11 | 16.00 | 39 | f | − 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.56 | |
P12 | 18.25 | 64 | f | 0.00 | − 0.01 | − 0.07 | |
P13 | 14.00 | 57 | m | 0.11 | 0.13 | − 0.06 | |
P14 | 12.00 | 23 | m | − 0.26 | − 0.16 | − 0.28 | |
P15 | 11.00 | 54 | f | − 0.02 | − 0.06 | − 0.05 | |
P16 | 6.25 | 70 | m | − 0.21 | − 0.06 | − 0.25 | |
P17 | 1.00 | 55 | f | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.20 | |
P18 | 10.00 | 76 | f | 0.07 | − 0.05 | − 0.17 | |
P19 | 18.00 | 58 | m | − 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.03 | |
P20 | 9.00 | 22 | m | − 0.11 | 0.02 | − 0.09 | |
P21 | 15.25 | 22 | m | − 0.16 | − 0.03 | 0.02 | |
P22 | 9.00 | 60 | m | − 0.04 | 0.05 | − 0.03 | |
Normosmia (n = 16) | C01 | 30.75 | 59 | f | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
C02 | 30.25 | 65 | m | 0.03 | 0.12 | − 0.01 | |
C03 | 34.00 | 48 | f | − 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.05 | |
C04 | 39.50 | 45 | m | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.11 | |
C05 | 38.00 | 49 | f | − 0.04 | − 0.01 | 0.12 | |
C06 | 30.00 | 48 | f | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
C07 | 36.00 | 30 | f | − 0.06 | − 0.06 | − 0.05 | |
C08 | 31.00 | 59 | f | − 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | |
C09 | 39.50 | 57 | f | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.02 | |
C10 | 35.50 | 37 | f | 0.12 | − 0.05 | − 0.03 | |
C11 | 38.50 | 64 | f | − 0.02 | − 0.09 | − 0.12 | |
C12 | 34.50 | 21 | m | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.48 | |
C13 | 40.50 | 48 | m | − 0.13 | − 0.14 | − 0.17 | |
C14 | 37.25 | 43 | f | − 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.06 | |
C15 | 30.75 | 55 | m | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.12 | |
C16 | 37.75 | 59 | m | − 0.06 | − 0.04 | − 0.07 |
Individual variability
POC | OFC | Insular | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster size (voxel) | Peak-z score | Cluster size (voxel) | Peak-z score | Cluster size (voxel) | Peak-z score | ||
Subject with olfactory dysfunction (n = 22) | P01 | 5 | 1.65 | 20 | 2.04 | 9 | 2.17 |
P02 | 7 | 2.04 | 38 | 2.18 | 1 | 1.73 | |
P03 | − 4.00 | − | − | − | − | ||
P04 | – | − | 3 | 1.80 | − | − | |
P05 | − | − | − | − | 3 | 1.72 | |
P06 | 18 | 1.69 | 31 | 2.22 | 14 | 2.11 | |
P07 | − | − | 8 | 1.94 | 46 | 2.40 | |
P08 | − | − | 10 | 2.39 | 123 | 2.85 | |
P09 | 59 | 2.22 | 104 | 2.92 | 128 | 3.60 | |
P10 | − | − | 21 | 2.33 | 138 | 2.44 | |
P11 | − | − | 6 | 2.14 | − | − | |
P12 | − | − | 1 | 1.64 | 12 | 1.97 | |
P13 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
P14 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
P15 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
P16 | 12 | 1.99 | 20 | 2.69 | 59 | 2.13 | |
P17 | 23 | 2.28 | 7 | 1.85 | 90 | 2.63 | |
P18 | − | − | − | − | 1 | 1.75 | |
P19 | 2 | 1.41 | − | − | − | − | |
P20 | 19 | 1.93 | − | − | 1 | 1.66 | |
P21 | − | − | 14 | 2.26 | 12 | 1.89 | |
P22 | − | − | − | − | 18 | 2.22 | |
Normosmia (n = 16) | C01 | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 1.89 | 4 | 1.82 |
C02 | 16 | 1.85 | 27 | 2.14 | 36 | 2.26 | |
C03 | 8 | 1.84 | − | − | 4 | 2.20 | |
C04 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
C05 | 114 | 3.16 | 164 | 3.25 | 1503 | 5.57 | |
C06 | 1 | 1.31 | − | − | − | − | |
C07 | 7 | 1.84 | − | − | − | − | |
C08 | 5 | 1.55 | 38 | 2.65 | 1 | 1.81 | |
C09 | 5 | 1.56 | – | − | − | − | |
C10 | 4 | 1.59 | – | − | 13 | 2.11 | |
C11 | 3 | 1.42 | 1 | 1.79 | 2 | 1.87 | |
C12 | 112 | 4.52 | 231 | 3.44 | 1443 | 5.12 | |
C13 | 2 | 1.43 | 31 | 2.46 | − | − | |
C14 | 2 | 1.41 | 72 | 2.65 | 3 | 1.98 | |
C15 | 1 | 1.35 | 60 | 2.54 | 473 | 3.76 | |
C16 | 12 | 2.34 | 10 | − | − |
k | z | x | y | z | ROIs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normosmics | 2 | 2.76 | −26 | −2 | −18 | POC |
– | − | − | − | − | OFC | |
646 | 4.29 | −38 | −8 | 6 | Insula | |
Subjects with olfactory dysfunction | − | − | − | − | − | POC |
− | − | − | − | − | OFC | |
16 | 2 | −36 | −2 | 18 | Insula | |
Normosmics > subject with olfactory dysfunction | 3 | 2.12 | −26 | 8 | −16 | POC |
− | − | − | − | − | OFC | |
201 | 2.65 | −36 | −6 | 4 | Insula |