Background
Methods
Study area
Study sample and selection process
Data collection
Independent variables
Outcome variable
Infant-feeding (IF) option | What this type of IF requires infants to receive | What this type of IF allows infants to receive | What this type of IF does not allow infants to receive |
---|---|---|---|
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) | Breast milk (including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) | Oral rehydration solution (ORS), Drops or syrups (vitamins, minerals, medicines) | Anything else |
Predominant breastfeeding (PBF) | Breast milk (including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) as the predominant source of nourishment | Liquids (water and water based drinks, fruit juices, ORS), ritual fluids and drops or syrups (vitamins, minerals, medicines) | Anything else (in particular, non-human milk, food-based fluids) |
Breastfeeding with complementary foods (CBF) | Breast milk (including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) and solid or semi solid foods | Anything else: any food or liquid including non-human milk and formula | No restrictions applicable |
Breastfeeding (BF) | Breast milk (including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) | Anything else: any food or liquid including non-human milk and formula | No restrictions applicable |
Data analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Characteristics of surveyed mother-infant dyads
Variables | Infant feeding practice n (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Exclusive (EBF) | Predominant (PBF) | Complementary (CBF) |
p
| |
Age of infants (months)
|
N = 400
|
N = 134
|
N = 111
|
N = 155
| |
Less than 1 | 53 (13.3) | 22 (41.5) | 27 (50.9) | 4 (7.6) |
0.01
|
1-2 | 225 (56.2) | 84 (37.3) | 70 (31.1) | 71 (31.6) | 0.20 |
3-4 | 76 (19.0) | 23 (30.3) | 13 (17.1) | 40 (52.6) | 0.05 |
5-6 | 46 (11.5) | 5 (10.9) | 1 (2.1) | 40 (87.0) |
0.01
|
Age of mother (years)
|
N = 398
|
N = 134
|
N = 110
|
N = 154
| |
25 or less | 106 (26.6) | 34 (32.1) | 27 (25.5) | 45 (42.6) | 0.78 |
26-30 | 159 (40.0) | 59 (37.1) | 51 (32.1) | 49 (30.8) | 0.21 |
31-35 | 98 (24.6) | 32 (32.7) | 26 (26.5) | 40 (40.8) | 0.93 |
36 or more | 35 (8.8) | 9 (25.7) | 6 (17.1) | 20 (57.2) | 0.10 |
Educational level of mother†
1
|
N = 396
|
N = 134
|
N = 111
|
N = 151
| |
Primary | 89 (22.3) | 18 (20.2) | 26 (29.2) | 45 (50.6) |
0.03
|
Secondary | 170 (42.5) | 55 (32.4) | 52 (30.6) | 63 (37.0) | 0.86 |
Tertiary | 137 (34.3) | 61 (44.5) | 33 (24.1) | 43(31.4) | 0.08 |
Socioeconomic class
|
N = 400
|
N = 134
|
N = 111
|
N = 155
| |
Lower | 185 (46.3) | 48 (26.0) | 57 (30.8) | 80 (43.2) | 0.19 |
Middle | 150 (37.5) | 55 (36.7) | 42 (28.0) | 53 (35.3) | 0.72 |
Upper | 65 (16.2) | 31 (47.7) | 12 (18.5) | 22 (33.8) | 0.07 |
Infant feeding practice
Variables | N | Exclusive breastfeeding (%) |
chiχ
2
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | No | Yes |
p
| |
Maternal variables
| ||||
Age of mother (years)
|
N = 398
|
N = 264
|
N = 134
| 2.00 |
25 or less | 106 (26.6) | 72 (67.9) | 34 (32.1) | 0.57 |
26-30 | 159 (40.0) | 100 (62.8) | 59 (37.2) | |
31-35 | 98 (24.6) | 66 (67.3) | 32 (32.7) | |
36 or more | 35 (8.8) | 26 (74.2) | 9 (25.8) | |
Educational level of mother
|
N = 396
|
N = 262
|
N = 134
| 14.52 |
Primary | 89 (22.3) | 71 (79.7) | 18 (20.3) |
0.01
|
Secondary | 170 (42.5) | 115 (67.6) | 55 (32.4) | |
Tertiary | 137 (34.3) | 76 (55.4) | 61 (44.6) | |
Socioeconomic class
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 11.29 |
Lower | 185 (46.3) | 137 (74.0) | 48 (26.0) |
0.01
|
Middle | 150 (37.5) | 95 (63.3) | 55 (36.7) | |
Upper | 65 (16.2) | 34 (52.3) | 31 (47.7) | |
Occupation of mother
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 12.10 |
None | 97 (24.2) | 60 (61.8) | 37 (38.2) |
0.01
|
Unskilled | 140 (35.0) | 109 (77.8) | 31 (22.2) | |
Semi-skilled | 86 (21.5) | 52 (60.4) | 34 (39.6) | |
Skilled | 77(19.3) | 45 (58.4) | 32 (41.6) | |
Distance of office from home
|
N = 303
|
N = 206
|
N = 97
| 3.19 |
Within residence | 59 (19.5) | 42 (71.2) | 18 (28.8) | 0.20 |
Nearby (<30 minutes walk) | 154 (50.8) | 109 (70.8) | 44 (29.2) | |
Farther (>30 minutes walk) | 90 (29.7) | 55 (61.2) | 35 (38.8) | |
Maternity leave
|
N = 288
|
N = 195
|
N = 93
| 2.11 |
No | 154 (53.5) | 110 (71.4) | 44 (28.6) | 0.15 |
Yes | 134 (46.5) | 85 (63.5) | 49 (36.5) | |
Antenatal care
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 3.40 |
No | 32 (8.0) | 26 (81.2) | 6 (18.8) | 0.07 |
Yes | 368 (92.0) | 240 (65.2) | 128 (34.8) | |
Mode of delivery
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 15.36 |
Vaginal (spontaneous or assisted) | 320 (80.0) | 198 (61.8) | 122 (38.3) |
0.01
|
Caesarean section (CS) | 80 (20.0) | 68 (85.0) | 12 (15.0) | |
Time from delivery to first feed
|
N = 357
|
N = 232
|
N = 125
| 7.24 |
Within 1 hr | 128 (35.9) | 80 (62.5) | 48 (37.6) |
0.03
|
1-6 hrs | 115 (32.2) | 67 (58.2) | 48 (41.7) | |
Greater than 6 hrs | 114 (31.9) | 85 (74.5) | 29 (25.5) | |
Infant variables
| ||||
Age of infants (months)
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 13.94 |
Less than 1 | 53 (13.3) | 31 (58.4) | 22 (41.6) |
0.01
|
1-2 | 225 (56.2) | 141 (62.6) | 84 (37.4) | |
3-4 | 76 (19.0) | 53 (69.7) | 23 (30.3) | |
5-6 | 46 (11.5) | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | |
Sex
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 0.33 |
Male | 211 (52.8) | 143 (67.7) | 68 (32.3) | 0.57 |
Female | 189 (47.2) | 123 (65.0) | 66 (35.0) | |
Birth rank
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| |
First | 126 (31.5) | 92 (73.0) | 34 (27.0) | 6.10 |
Second | 80 (20.0) | 49 (61.2) | 31 (38.8) | 0.19 |
Third | 73 (18.2) | 47 (64.3) | 26 (35.7) | |
Fourth | 62 (15.5) | 36 (58.0) | 26 (42.0) | |
Fifth and higher | 59 (14.8) | 42 (71.1) | 17 (28.9) | |
Colostrum given
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| 7.78 |
No | 46 (11.5) | 39 (84.8) | 7 (15.2) |
0.01
|
Yes | 354 (88.5) | 227 (64.1) | 127 (35.9) | |
Baby’s first feed
|
N = 400
|
N = 266
|
N = 134
| |
Water and/or water based solutions | 139 (34.8) | 105 (75.5) | 34 (24.5) | 32.86 |
Breast milk | 194 (48.4) | 103 (53.1) | 91 (46.9) |
0.01
|
Formula based- milks | 67 (16.8) | 58 (86.7) | 9 (13.3) |
Maternal and child factors influencing practice of EBF
Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Age of mother (years)
| ||
25 or less | 1 | - |
26-30 | 1.25 (0.74, 2.10) | - |
31-35 | 1.03 (0.57, 1.85) | - |
36 or older | 0.73 (0.31, 1.73) | - |
Mother educational level
| ||
Primary | 0.32 (0.17, 0.59) | 0.33 (0.13, 0.81) |
Secondary | 0.59 (0.37, 0.95) | 0.57 (0.29, 1.11) |
Tertiary | 1 | 1 |
Socioeconomic class
| ||
Lower | 1 | 1 |
Middle | 1.65 (1.45, 4.68) | 0.46 (0.22, 0.99) |
Upper | 2.60 (1.04, 2.64) | 0.32 (0.14, 0.74) |
Occupation of mother
| ||
None | 1 | 1 |
Unskilled | 0.46 (0.26, 0.82) | 0.22 (0.01, 3.85) |
Semi-skilled | 1.06 (0.56, 1.92) | 0.45 (0.03, 8.34) |
Skilled | 1.15 (0.63, 2.12) | 0.64 (0.04, 11.9) |
Distance of workplace from home
| ||
Within residence | 0.61 (0.31, 1.25) | - |
Nearby (<30 minutes walk) | 0.63 (0.37, 1.09) | - |
Farther (>30 minutes walk) | 1 | - |
Maternity leave
| ||
No | 1 | - |
Yes | 1.44 (0.88, 2.37) | - |
Antenatal care
| ||
No | 0.43 (0.17, 1.08) | - |
Yes | 1 | - |
Mode of delivery
| ||
Vaginal (spontaneous or assisted) | 1 | - |
Caesarean section (CS) | 0.29 (0.15, 0.55) | - |
Age of child (months)
| ||
Less than 1 | 1 | 1 |
1-2 | 0.84 (0.46, 1.54) | 0.72 (0.34, 1.51) |
3-4 | 0.61 (0.29, 1.27) | 0.58 (0.23, 1.44) |
5-6 | 0.17 (0.06, 0.51) | 0.20 (0.06, 0.73) |
Sex
| ||
Male | 1 | - |
Female | 1.28 (0.75, 1.71) | - |
Birth rank
| ||
First | 1 | - |
Second | 1.71 (0.94, 3.11) | - |
Third | 1.49 (0.81, 2.78) | - |
Fourth | 1.95 (0.98, 3.71) | - |
Fifth and higher | 1.10 (0.55, 2.18) | - |
Colostrum given
| ||
No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 3.12 (1.36, 7.17) | 0.60 (0.22, 1.64) |
Infants first feed
| ||
Water and/or water based solutions | 1 | 1 |
Breast milk | 2.73 (1.69, 4.40) | 3.36 (1.75, 6.66) |
Formula based- milks | 0.48 (0.22, 1.07) | 0.54 (0.18, 1.63) |