Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Acta Neuropathologica
Erschienen in: Acta Neuropathologica 2/2016

01.02.2016 | Review

Infections, inflammation and epilepsy

verfasst von: Annamaria Vezzani, Robert S. Fujinami, H. Steve White, Pierre-Marie Preux, Ingmar Blümcke, Josemir W. Sander, Wolfgang Löscher

Erschienen in: Acta Neuropathologica | Ausgabe 2/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Epilepsy is the tendency to have unprovoked epileptic seizures. Anything causing structural or functional derangement of brain physiology may lead to seizures, and different conditions may express themselves solely by recurrent seizures and thus be labelled “epilepsy.” Worldwide, epilepsy is the most common serious neurological condition. The range of risk factors for the development of epilepsy varies with age and geographic location. Congenital, developmental and genetic conditions are mostly associated with the development of epilepsy in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. Head trauma, infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and tumours may occur at any age and may lead to the development of epilepsy. Infections of the CNS are a major risk factor for epilepsy. The reported risk of unprovoked seizures in population-based cohorts of survivors of CNS infections from developed countries is between 6.8 and 8.3 %, and is much higher in resource-poor countries. In this review, the various viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infectious diseases of the CNS which result in seizures and epilepsy are discussed. The pathogenesis of epilepsy due to brain infections, as well as the role of experimental models to study mechanisms of epileptogenesis induced by infectious agents, is reviewed. The sterile (non-infectious) inflammatory response that occurs following brain insults is also discussed, as well as its overlap with inflammation due to infections, and the potential role in epileptogenesis. Furthermore, autoimmune encephalitis as a cause of seizures is reviewed. Potential strategies to prevent epilepsy resulting from brain infections and non-infectious inflammation are also considered.
Literatur
1.
Ances BM, Vitaliani R, Taylor RA, Liebeskind DS, Voloschin A, Houghton DJ, Galetta SL, Dichter M, Alavi A, Rosenfeld MR, Dalmau J (2005) Treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis identified by neuropil antibodies: MRI and PET correlates. Brain 128:1764–1777CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Beghi E, Nicolosi A, Kurland LT (1988) The risk of unprovoked seizures after encephalitis and meningitis. Neurology 38:1407–1410CrossRefPubMed
3.
Annegers JF, Rocca WA, Hauser WA (1996) Causes of epilepsy: contributions of the Rochester epidemiology project. Mayo Clin Proc 71:570–575CrossRefPubMed
4.
5.
Aronica E, Boer K, van Vliet EA, Redeker S, Baayen JC, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Troost D, da Silva FH, Wadman WJ, Gorter JA (2007) Complement activation in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 26:497–511CrossRefPubMed
6.
Auvin S, Shin D, Mazarati A, Nakagawa J, Miyamoto J, Sankar R (2007) Inflammation exacerbates seizure-induced injury in the immature brain. Epilepsia 48(Suppl 5):27–34CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
Bale JF Jr (2015) Virus and immune-mediated encephalitides: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Pediatr Neurol 53:3–12CrossRefPubMed
9.
Balosso S, Ravizza T, Perego C, Peschon J, Campbell IL, De Simoni MG, Vezzani A (2005) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits seizures in mice via p75 receptors. Ann Neurol 57:804–812CrossRefPubMed
10.
Balosso S, Ravizza T, Aronica E, Vezzani A (2013) The dual role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in seizures. Exp Neurol 247:267–271CrossRefPubMed
11.
Barker-Haliski ML, Dahle EJ, Heck TD, Pruess TH, Vanegas F, Wilcox KS, White HS (2015) Evaluating an etiologically relevant platform for therapy development for temporal lobe epilepsy: effects of carbamazepine and valproic acid on acute seizures and chronic behavioral comorbidities in the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus mouse model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 353:318–329CrossRefPubMed
12.
Bauer J, Vezzani A, Bien CG (2012) Epileptic encephalitis: the role of the innate and adaptive immune system. Brain Pathol 22:412–421CrossRefPubMed
13.
Bauer S, Cepok S, Todorova-Rudolph A, Nowak M, Koller M, Lorenz R, Oertel WH, Rosenow F, Hemmer B, Hamer HM (2009) Etiology and site of temporal lobe epilepsy influence postictal cytokine release. Epilepsy Res 86:82–88CrossRefPubMed
14.
Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, Hesdorffer DC, Malmgren K, Sander JW, Tomson T, Hauser WA (2010) Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 51:671–675CrossRefPubMed
15.
Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde BW, Engel J, French J, Glauser TA, Mathern GW, Moshe SL, Nordli D, Plouin P, Scheffer IE (2010) Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia 51:676–685CrossRefPubMed
16.
Bianchi ME (2007) DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol 81:1–5CrossRefPubMed
17.
Bien CG, Elger CE (2007) Limbic encephalitis: a cause of temporal lobe epilepsy with onset in adult life. Epilepsy Behav 10:529–538CrossRefPubMed
18.
Birbeck GL, Molyneux ME, Kaplan PW, Seydel KB, Chimalizeni YF, Kawaza K, Taylor TE (2010) Blantyre Malaria Project Epilepsy Study (BMPES) of neurological outcomes in retinopathy-positive paediatric cerebral malaria survivors: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol 9:1173–1181CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Bittencourt PR, Sander JW and Mazer S (1999) Viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections associated with seizure disorders. In: Meinardi H (ed) Handbook of clinical neurology, The epilepsies, vol 72. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 145–174
20.
Blümcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, Armstrong DD, Bartolomei F, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Bien CG, Cendes F, Coras R, Cross JH, Jacques TS, Kahane P, Mathern GW, Miyata H, Moshe SL, Oz B, Ozkara C, Perucca E, Sisodiya S, Wiebe S, Spreafico R (2013) International consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis in temporal lobe epilepsy: a Task Force report from the ILAE Commission on Diagnostic Methods. Epilepsia 54:1315–1329CrossRefPubMed
21.
Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, McKhann GM, van de Beek D (2014) Brain abscess. N Engl J Med 371:447–456CrossRefPubMed
22.
Bröer S, Haist V, Gerhauser I, Bankstahl M, Ulrich R, Brandt C, Löscher W, Baumgärtner W (2014) Viral encephalitis-induced epilepsy: pathogenetic studies with the BeAn strain of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). In: First N-RENNT Symposium on Neuroinfectiology, March 31–April 1, 2014, Hannover (Abstract)
23.
Bruner DI, Littlejohn L, Pritchard A (2012) Subdural empyema presenting with seizure, confusion, and focal weakness. West J Emerg Med 13:509–511CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Bruno E, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, Strohmeyer M, Bartalesi F, Bustos JA, Santivanez S, Garcia HH, Nicoletti A (2013) Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2480CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Buckingham SC, Ramos TN, Barnum SR (2014) Complement C5-deficient mice are protected from seizures in experimental cerebral malaria. Epilepsia 55:e139–e142CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Buckley C, Oger J, Clover L, Tuzun E, Carpenter K, Jackson M, Vincent A (2001) Potassium channel antibodies in two patients with reversible limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 50:73–78CrossRefPubMed
27.
Campbell IL, Abraham CR, Masliah E, Kemper P, Inglis JD, Oldstone MB, Mucke L (1993) Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90:10061–10065CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Cendes F, Sakamoto AC, Spreafico R, Bingaman W, Becker AJ (2014) Epilepsies associated with hippocampal sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 128:21–37CrossRefPubMed
29.
Choy M, Dube CM, Patterson K, Barnes SR, Maras P, Blood AB, Hasso AN, Obenaus A, Baram TZ (2014) A novel, noninvasive, predictive epilepsy biomarker with clinical potential. J Neurosci 34:8672–8684CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Choy M, Dube CM, Ehrengruber M, Baram TZ (2014) Inflammatory processes, febrile seizures, and subsequent epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Curr 14:15–22CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Colebunders R, Post R, O’Neill S, Haesaert G, Opar B, Lakwo T, Laudisoit A, Hendy A (2015) Nodding syndrome since 2012: recent progress, challenges and recommendations for future research. Trop Med Int Health 20:194–200CrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
Corsellis JA, Goldberg GJ, Norton AR (1968) “Limbic encephalitis” and its association with carcinoma. Brain 91:481–496CrossRefPubMed
34.
Cusick MF, Libbey JE, Patel DC, Doty DJ, Fujinami RS (2013) Infiltrating macrophages are key to the development of seizures following virus infection. J Virol 87:1849–1860CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, Dessain SK, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R, Lynch DR (2008) Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol 7:1091–1098CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
De Simoni MG, Perego C, Ravizza T, Moneta D, Conti M, Marchesi F, De Luigi A, Garattini S, Vezzani A (2000) Inflammatory cytokines and related genes are induced in the rat hippocampus by limbic status epilepticus. Eur J Neurosci 12:2623–2633CrossRefPubMed
37.
de Souza JB, Hafalla JC, Riley EM, Couper KN (2010) Cerebral malaria: why experimental murine models are required to understand the pathogenesis of disease. Parasitology 137:755–772CrossRefPubMed
38.
Del Brutto OH (2008) Infections and inflammatory diseases. In: Engel JJ, Pedley TA (eds) Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 2643–2652
39.
Desena A, Graves D, Warnack W, Greenberg BM (2014) Herpes simplex encephalitis as a potential cause of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis: report of 2 cases. JAMA Neurol 71:344–346CrossRefPubMed
40.
Donati D, Akhyani N, Fogdell-Hahn A, Cermelli C, Cassiani-Ingoni R, Vortmeyer A, Heiss JD, Cogen P, Gaillard WD, Sato S, Theodore WH, Jacobson S (2003) Detection of human herpesvirus-6 in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy surgical brain resections. Neurology 61:1405–1411CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Dube C, Vezzani A, Behrens M, Bartfai T, Baram TZ (2005) Interleukin-1beta contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures. Ann Neurol 57:152–155CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Dube CM, Ravizza T, Hamamura M, Zha Q, Keebaugh A, Fok K, Andres AL, Nalcioglu O, Obenaus A, Vezzani A, Baram TZ (2010) Epileptogenesis provoked by prolonged experimental febrile seizures: mechanisms and biomarkers. J Neurosci 30:7484–7494CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Elbers JM, Bitnun A, Richardson SE, Ford-Jones EL, Tellier R, Wald RM, Petric M, Kolski H, Heurter H, MacGregor D (2007) A 12-year prospective study of childhood herpes simplex encephalitis: is there a broader spectrum of disease? Pediatrics 119:e399–e407CrossRefPubMed
44.
Epstein LG, Shinnar S, Hesdorffer DC, Nordli DR, Hamidullah A, Benn EK, Pellock JM, Frank LM, Lewis DV, Moshe SL, Shinnar RC, Sun S (2012) Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in febrile status epilepticus: the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia 53:1481–1488CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Eriksson C, Van Dam AM, Lucassen PJ, Bol JG, Winblad B, Schultzberg M (1999) Immunohistochemical localization of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme/caspase-1 in the rat brain after peripheral administration of kainic acid. Neuroscience 93:915–930CrossRefPubMed
46.
Eriksson C, Tehranian R, Iverfeldt K, Winblad B, Schultzberg M (2000) Increased expression of mRNA encoding interleukin-1beta and caspase-1, and the secreted isoform of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the rat brain following systemic kainic acid administration. J Neurosci Res 60:266–279CrossRefPubMed
47.
Esposito L, Drexler JF, Braganza O, Doberentz E, Grote A, Widman G, Drosten C, Eis-Hubinger AM, Schoch S, Elger CE, Becker AJ, Niehusmann P (2015) Large-scale analysis of viral nucleic acid spectrum in temporal lobe epilepsy biopsies. Epilepsia 56:234–243CrossRefPubMed
48.
Feng ZH, Hao J, Ye L, Dayao C, Yan N, Yan Y, Chu L, Shi FD (2011) Overexpression of mu-calpain in the anterior temporal neocortex of patients with intractable epilepsy correlates with clinicopathological characteristics. Seizure 20:395–401CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
49.
Fiala M, Avagyan H, Merino JJ, Bernas M, Valdivia J, Espinosa-Jeffrey A, Witte M, Weinand M (2013) Chemotactic and mitogenic stimuli of neuronal apoptosis in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. Pathophysiology 20:59–69CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, Engel J Jr, Forsgren L, French JA, Glynn M, Hesdorffer DC, Lee BI, Mathern GW, Moshe SL, Perucca E, Scheffer IE, Tomson T, Watanabe M, Wiebe S (2014) ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 55:475–482CrossRefPubMed
51.
52.
53.
Garcia HH, Nash TE, Del Brutto OH (2014) Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis. Lancet Neurol 13:1202–1215CrossRefPubMed
54.
Geis C, Weishaupt A, Hallermann S, Grunewald B, Wessig C, Wultsch T, Reif A, Byts N, Beck M, Jablonka S, Boettger MK, Uceyler N, Fouquet W, Gerlach M, Meinck HM, Siren AL, Sigrist SJ, Toyka KV, Heckmann M, Sommer C (2010) Stiff person syndrome-associated autoantibodies to amphiphysin mediate reduced GABAergic inhibition. Brain 133:3166–3180CrossRefPubMed
55.
Gibbons MB, Smeal RM, Takahashi DK, Vargas JR, Wilcox KS (2013) Contributions of astrocytes to epileptogenesis following status epilepticus: opportunities for preventive therapy? Neurochem Int 63:660–669CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Graus F, Saiz A, Lai M, Bruna J, Lopez F, Sabater L, Blanco Y, Rey MJ, Ribalta T, Dalmau J (2008) Neuronal surface antigen antibodies in limbic encephalitis: clinical-immunologic associations. Neurology 71:930–936CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
57.
Gurung P, Lukens JR, Kanneganti TD (2015) Mitochondria: diversity in the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Trends Mol Med 21:193–201CrossRefPubMed
58.
Heinemann U, Kaufer D, Friedman A (2012) Blood-brain barrier dysfunction, TGFbeta signaling, and astrocyte dysfunction in epilepsy. Glia 60:1251–1257CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Iori V, Maroso M, Rizzi M, Iyer AM, Vertemara R, Carli M, Agresti A, Antonelli A, Bianchi ME, Aronica E, Ravizza T, Vezzani A (2013) Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts is upregulated in temporal lobe epilepsy and contributes to experimental seizures. Neurobiol Dis 58:102–114CrossRefPubMed
60.
Irani SR, Alexander S, Waters P, Kleopa KA, Pettingill P, Zuliani L, Peles E, Buckley C, Lang B, Vincent A (2010) Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan’s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain 133:2734–2748CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, Zuliani L, Maxwell S, Zandi MS, Friese MA, Galea I, Kullmann DM, Beeson D, Lang B, Bien CG, Vincent A (2010) N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain 133:1655–1667CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, Pettingill P, Waters P, Johnson MR, Schott JM, Armstrong RJ, Zagami S, Bleasel A, Somerville ER, Smith SM, Vincent A (2011) Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 69:892–900CrossRefPubMed
63.
Kaiser C, Pion SD, Boussinesq M (2013) Case-control studies on the relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2147CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Kakoti G, Dutta P, Ram DB, Borah J, Mahanta J (2013) Clinical profile and outcome of Japanese encephalitis in children admitted with acute encephalitis syndrome. Biomed Res Int 2013:152656PubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Kamuyu G, Bottomley C, Mageto J, Lowe B, Wilkins PP, Noh JC, Nutman TB, Ngugi AK, Odhiambo R, Wagner RG, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Owusu-Agyei S, Ae-Ngibise K, Masanja H, Osier FH, Odermatt P, Newton CR (2014) Exposure to multiple parasites is associated with the prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8:e2908CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
Kirkman NJ, Libbey JE, Wilcox KS, White HS, Fujinami RS (2010) Innate but not adaptive immune responses contribute to behavioral seizures following viral infection. Epilepsia 51:454–464CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
67.
68.
Kwon YS, Pineda E, Auvin S, Shin D, Mazarati A, Sankar R (2013) Neuroprotective and antiepileptogenic effects of combination of anti-inflammatory drugs in the immature brain. J Neuroinflammation 10:30CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Libbey JE, Kirkman NJ, Smith MC, Tanaka T, Wilcox KS, White HS, Fujinami RS (2008) Seizures following picornavirus infection. Epilepsia 49:1066–1074CrossRefPubMed
70.
Libbey JE, Kirkman NJ, Wilcox KS, White HS, Fujinami RS (2010) Role for complement in the development of seizures following acute viral infection. J Virol 84:6452–6460CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Libbey JE, Kennett NJ, Wilcox KS, White HS, Fujinami RS (2011) Interleukin-6, produced by resident cells of the central nervous system and infiltrating cells, contributes to the development of seizures following viral infection. J Virol 85:6913–6922CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Libbey JE, Fujinami RS (2011) Neurotropic viral infections leading to epilepsy: focus on Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. Future Virol 6:1339–1350CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
73.
Linsuwanon P, Puenpa J, Huang SW, Wang YF, Mauleekoonphairoj J, Wang JR, Poovorawan Y (2014) Epidemiology and seroepidemiology of human enterovirus 71 among Thai populations. J Biomed Sci 21:16CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Loup F, Wieser HG, Yonekawa Y, Aguzzi A, Fritschy JM (2000) Selective alterations in GABAA receptor subtypes in human temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci 20:5401–5419PubMed
75.
Lowenstein DH (2005) Treatment options for status epilepticus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5:334–339CrossRefPubMed
76.
77.
78.
Löscher W, Gernert M, Heinemann U (2008) Cell and gene therapies in epilepsy–promising avenues or blind alleys? Trends Neurosci 31:62–73CrossRefPubMed
79.
Löscher W, Brandt C (2010) Prevention or modification of epileptogenesis after brain insults: experimental approaches and translational research. Pharmacol Rev 62:668–700CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Löscher W, Klitgaard H, Twyman RE, Schmidt D (2013) New avenues for antiepileptic drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 12:757–776CrossRefPubMed
81.
Manto M, Dalmau J, Didelot A, Rogemond V, Honnorat J (2011) Afferent facilitation of corticomotor responses is increased by IgGs of patients with NMDA-receptor antibodies. J Neurol 258:27–33CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Manto MU, Laute MA, Aguera M, Rogemond V, Pandolfo M, Honnorat J (2007) Effects of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 61:544–551CrossRefPubMed
83.
84.
Marin B, Boussinesq M, Druet-Cabanac M, Kamgno J, Bouteille B, Preux PM (2006) Onchocerciasis-related epilepsy? Prospects at a time of uncertainty. Trends Parasitol 22:17–20CrossRefPubMed
85.
Marks DA, Kim J, Spencer DD, Spencer SS (1992) Characteristics of intractable seizures following meningitis and encephalitis. Neurology 42:1513–1518CrossRefPubMed
86.
Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Liu J, Aronica E, Iyer AM, Rossetti C, Molteni M, Casalgrandi M, Manfredi AA, Bianchi ME, Vezzani A (2010) Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box-1 are involved in ictogenesis and can be targeted to reduce seizures. Nat Med 16:413–419CrossRefPubMed
87.
Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Iori V, Wright CI, French J, Vezzani A (2011) Interleukin-1beta biosynthesis inhibition reduces acute seizures and drug resistant chronic epileptic activity in mice. Neurotherapeutics 8:304–315CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
88.
Maroso M, Balosso S, Ravizza T, Liu J, Bianchi ME, Vezzani A (2011) Interleukin-1 type 1 receptor/toll-like receptor signalling in epilepsy: the importance of IL-1beta and high-mobility group box 1. J Intern Med 270:319–326CrossRefPubMed
89.
Michael BD, Solomon T (2012) Seizures and encephalitis: clinical features, management, and potential pathophysiologic mechanisms. Epilepsia 53(Suppl 4):63–71CrossRefPubMed
90.
Misra UK, Tan CT, Kalita J (2008) Viral encephalitis and epilepsy. Epilepsia 49(Suppl 6):13–18CrossRefPubMed
91.
Miya K, Takahashi Y, Mori H (2014) Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis. Brain Dev 36:645–652CrossRefPubMed
92.
Morin-Brureau M, Lebrun A, Rousset MC, Fagni L, Bockaert J, de Bock F, Lerner-Natoli M (2011) Epileptiform activity induces vascular remodeling and zonula occludens 1 downregulation in organotypic hippocampal cultures: role of VEGF signaling pathways. J Neurosci 31:10677–10688CrossRefPubMed
93.
Nash TE, Mahanty S, Loeb JA, Theodore WH, Friedman A, Sander JW, Singh G, Cavalheiro E, Del Brutto OH, Takayanagui OM, Fleury A, Verastegui M, Preux PM, Montano S, Pretell EJ, White AC Jr, Gonzales AE, Gilman RH, Garcia HH (2015) Neurocysticercosis: a natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia 56:177–183CrossRefPubMed
94.
Ngoungou EB, Koko J, Druet-Cabanac M, Assengone-Zeh-Nguema Y, Launay MN, Engohang E, Moubeka-Mounguengui M, Kouna-Ndouongo P, Loembe PM, Preux PM, Kombila M (2006) Cerebral malaria and sequelar epilepsy: first matched case-control study in Gabon. Epilepsia 47:2147–2153CrossRefPubMed
95.
Ngoungou EB, Dulac O, Poudiougou B, Druet-Cabanac M, Dicko A, Mamadou TA, Coulibaly D, Farnarier G, Tuillas M, Keita MM, Kombila M, Doumbo OK, Preux PM (2006) Epilepsy as a consequence of cerebral malaria in area in which malaria is endemic in Mali, West Africa. Epilepsia 47:873–879PubMed
96.
Ngoungou EB, Bhalla D, Nzoghe A, Darde ML, Preux PM (2015) Toxoplasmosis and epilepsy—systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:e0003525CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
97.
Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Sander JW, Newton CR (2010) Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach. Epilepsia 51:883–890CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
98.
Ngugi AK, Bottomley C, Kleinschmidt I, Wagner RG, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Ae-Ngibise K, Owusu-Agyei S, Masanja H, Kamuyu G, Odhiambo R, Chengo E, Sander JW, Newton CR (2013) Prevalence of active convulsive epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa and associated risk factors: cross-sectional and case-control studies. Lancet Neurol 12:253–263CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Niehusmann P, Mittelstaedt T, Bien CG, Drexler JF, Grote A, Schoch S, Becker AJ (2010) Presence of human herpes virus 6 DNA exclusively in temporal lobe epilepsy brain tissue of patients with history of encephalitis. Epilepsia 51:2478–2483CrossRefPubMed
100.
Noe FM, Polascheck N, Frigerio F, Bankstahl M, Ravizza T, Marchini S, Beltrame L, Bandero CR, Löscher W, Vezzani A (2013) Pharmacological blockade of IL-1beta/IL-1 receptor type 1 axis during epileptogenesis provides neuroprotection in two rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 59:183–193CrossRefPubMed
101.
Oostenbrink R, Moons KG, Derksen-Lubsen G, Grobbee DE, Moll HA (2002) Early prediction of neurological sequelae or death after bacterial meningitis. Acta Paediatr 91:391–398CrossRefPubMed
102.
Osborn MK, Steinberg JP (2007) Subdural empyema and other suppurative complications of paranasal sinusitis. Lancet Infect Dis 7:62–67CrossRefPubMed
103.
104.
Pernhorst K, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Cichon S, Schulz H, Sander T, Schoch S, Becker AJ, Grote A (2013) TLR4, ATF-3 and IL8 inflammation mediator expression correlates with seizure frequency in human epileptic brain tissue. Seizure 22:675–678CrossRefPubMed
105.
Pion SD, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, Cournil A, Taylor MM, Meredith SE, Stufe A, Bertocchi I, Kipp W, Preux PM, Boussinesq M (2009) Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e461CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
106.
107.
Pozo-Rosich P, Clover L, Saiz A, Vincent A, Graus F (2003) Voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 54:530–533CrossRefPubMed
108.
Quattrocchi G, Nicoletti A, Marin B, Bruno E, Druet-Cabanac M, Preux PM (2012) Toxocariasis and epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1775CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
109.
Quet F, Guerchet M, Pion SD, Ngoungou EB, Nicoletti A, Preux PM (2010) Meta-analysis of the association between cysticercosis and epilepsy in Africa. Epilepsia 51:830–837CrossRefPubMed
110.
Ramanathan S, Mohammad SS, Brilot F, Dale RC (2014) Autoimmune encephalitis: recent updates and emerging challenges. J Clin Neurosci 21:722–730CrossRefPubMed
111.
Ravizza T, Boer K, Redeker S, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Troost D, Vezzani A, Aronica E (2006) The IL-1beta system in epilepsy-associated malformations of cortical development. Neurobiol Dis 24:128–143CrossRefPubMed
112.
Ravizza T, Gagliardi B, Noe F, Boer K, Aronica E, Vezzani A (2008) Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 29:142–160CrossRefPubMed
113.
Reid AY, Riazi K, Campbell TG, Pittman QJ (2013) Increased excitability and molecular changes in adult rats after a febrile seizure. Epilepsia 54:e45–e48CrossRefPubMed
114.
Riazi K, Galic MA, Pittman QJ (2010) Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: cytokines and brain excitability. Epilepsy Res 89:34–42CrossRefPubMed
115.
Riazi K, Galic MA, Kentner AC, Reid AY, Sharkey KA, Pittman QJ (2015) Microglia-dependent alteration of glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus during peripheral inflammation. J Neurosci 35:4942–4952CrossRefPubMed
116.
117.
Saiz A, Blanco Y, Sabater L, Gonzalez F, Bataller L, Casamitjana R, Ramio-Torrenta L, Graus F (2008) Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain 131:2553–2563CrossRefPubMed
118.
Sander JW, Perucca E (2003) Epilepsy and comorbidity: infections and antimicrobials usage in relation to epilepsy management. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 180:16–22CrossRefPubMed
119.
Sander JW (2004) Infectious agents and epilepsy. In: Knobler S, O’Connor S, Lemon SM, Najafi M (eds) The infectious etiology of chronic diseases: defining the relationship, enhancing the research and mitigating the effects. The National Academies Press, Washington, pp 93–99
120.
Seebohm G, Piccini I, Strutz-Seebohm N (2015) Paving the way to understand autoantibody-mediated epilepsy on the molecular level. Front Neurol 6:149CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
121.
122.
Shorvon S, Guerrini R (2010) Acute symptomatic seizures–should we retain the term? Epilepsia 51:722–723CrossRefPubMed
123.
Silverman MA, Misasi J, Smole S, Feldman HA, Cohen AB, Santagata S, McManus M, Ahmed AA (2013) Eastern equine encephalitis in children, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, USA, 1970–2010. Emerg Infect Dis 19:194–201CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
124.
Singhi P (2011) Infectious causes of seizures and epilepsy in the developing world. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:600–609CrossRefPubMed
125.
Solimena M, Folli F, Denis-Donini S, Comi GC, Pozza G, De Camilli P, Vicari AM (1988) Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 318:1012–1020CrossRefPubMed
126.
Stewart KA, Wilcox KS, Fujinami RS, White HS (2010) Development of postinfection epilepsy after Theiler’s virus infection of C57BL/6 mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 69:1210–1219CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
127.
Striano P, Perruolo G, Errichiello L, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Zara F, Striano S (2008) Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in idiopathic generalized epilepsy and type 1 diabetes. Ann Neurol 63:127–128CrossRefPubMed
128.
Stringer JL (2006) Models available for infection-induced seizures. In: Pitkänen A, Schwartzkroin PA, Moshé SL (eds) Models of seizures and epilepsy. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 521–526CrossRef
129.
Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS (1996) Two models for multiple sclerosis: experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55:673–686CrossRefPubMed
130.
Tsunoda I, Fujinami RS (2010) Neuropathogenesis of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, an animal model for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 5:355–369CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
131.
Uludag IF, Duksal T, Tiftikcioglu BI, Zorlu Y, Ozkaya F, Kirkali G (2015) IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL1Ra levels in temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 26:22–25CrossRefPubMed
132.
Umpierre AD, Remigio GJ, Dahle EJ, Bradford K, Alex AB, Smith MD, West PJ, White HS, Wilcox KS (2014) Impaired cognitive ability and anxiety-like behavior following acute seizures in the Theiler’s virus model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 64:98–106CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
133.
Verboon-Maciolek MA, Krediet TG, Gerards LJ, Fleer A, van Loon TM (2005) Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of viral infections in a neonatal intensive care unit during a 12-year period. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:901–904CrossRefPubMed
134.
Verboon-Maciolek MA, Krediet TG, Gerards LJ, De Vries LS, Groenendaal F, van Loon AM (2008) Severe neonatal parechovirus infection and similarity with enterovirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:241–245CrossRefPubMed
135.
Vezzani A, Moneta D, Conti M, Richichi C, Ravizza T, De Luigi A, De Simoni MG, Sperk G, Andell-Jonsson S, Lundkvist J, Iverfeldt K, Bartfai T (2000) Powerful anticonvulsant action of IL-1 receptor antagonist on intracerebral injection and astrocytic overexpression in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97:11534–11539CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
136.
Vezzani A, Balosso S, Maroso M, Zardoni D, Noe F, Ravizza T (2010) ICE/caspase 1 inhibitors and IL-1beta receptor antagonists as potential therapeutics in epilepsy. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 11:43–50PubMed
137.
Vezzani A, Maroso M, Balosso S, Sanchez MA, Bartfai T (2011) IL-1 receptor/toll-like receptor signaling in infection, inflammation, stress and neurodegeneration couples hyperexcitability and seizures. Brain Behav Immun 25:1281–1289CrossRefPubMed
138.
139.
140.
Vezzani A, Aronica E, Mazarati A, Pittman QJ (2013) Epilepsy and brain inflammation. Exp Neurol 244:11–21CrossRefPubMed
141.
Vezzani A, Viviani B (2015) Neuromodulatory properties of inflammatory cytokines and their impact on neuronal excitability. Neuropharmacology 96:70–82CrossRefPubMed
142.
Vezzani A (2015) Anti-inflammatory drugs in epilepsy: does it impact epileptogenesis? Expert Opin Drug Saf 14:583–592CrossRefPubMed
143.
Vooturi S, Jayalakshmi S, Sahu S, Mohandas S (2014) Prognosis and predictors of outcome of refractory generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults treated in neurointensive care unit. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 126:7–10CrossRefPubMed
144.
Weinberg MS, Blake BL, McCown TJ (2013) Opposing actions of hippocampus TNFalpha receptors on limbic seizure susceptibility. Exp Neurol 247:429–437CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
145.
Wenceslau CF, McCarthy CG, Goulopoulou S, Szasz T, NeSmith EG, Webb RC (2013) Mitochondrial-derived N-formyl peptides: novel links between trauma, vascular collapse and sepsis. Med Hypotheses 81:532–535CrossRefPubMed
146.
Winkler AS (2012) Neurocysticercosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of prevalence, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management. Pathog Glob Health 106:261–274CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
147.
Winkler AS, Friedrich K, Velicheti S, Dharsee J, Konig R, Nassri A, Meindl M, Kidunda A, Muller TH, Jilek-Aall L, Matuja W, Gotwald T, Schmutzhard E (2013) MRI findings in people with epilepsy and nodding syndrome in an area endemic for onchocerciasis: an observational study. Afr Health Sci 13:529–540PubMedPubMedCentral
148.
Xiong ZQ, Qian W, Suzuki K, McNamara JO (2003) Formation of complement membrane attack complex in mammalian cerebral cortex evokes seizures and neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 23:955–960PubMed
149.
Zattoni M, Mura ML, Deprez F, Schwendener RA, Engelhardt B, Frei K, Fritschy JM (2011) Brain infiltration of leukocytes contributes to the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci 31:4037–4050CrossRefPubMed
150.
Zhang Q, Tanaka K, Sun P, Nakata M, Yamamoto R, Sakimura K, Matsui M, Kato N (2012) Suppression of synaptic plasticity by cerebrospinal fluid from anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis patients. Neurobiol Dis 45:610–615CrossRefPubMed
151.
Zurolo E, Iyer A, Maroso M, Carbonell C, Anink JJ, Ravizza T, Fluiter K, Spliet WG, van Rijen PC, Vezzani A, Aronica E (2011) Activation of Toll-like receptor, RAGE and HMGB1 signalling in malformations of cortical development. Brain 134:1015–1032CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Infections, inflammation and epilepsy
verfasst von
Annamaria Vezzani
Robert S. Fujinami
H. Steve White
Pierre-Marie Preux
Ingmar Blümcke
Josemir W. Sander
Wolfgang Löscher
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Acta Neuropathologica / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0001-6322
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0533
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-015-1481-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2016

Acta Neuropathologica 2/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Erratum

Erratum to: Gliomatosis cerebri: no evidence for a separate brain tumor entity

Original Paper

Antibody-mediated neutralization of myelin-associated EphrinB3 accelerates CNS remyelination

Review

Host–pathogen interactions in bacterial meningitis

Review

Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology

Original Paper

Viral gene transfer of APPsα rescues synaptic failure in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model

Original Paper

Gliomatosis cerebri: no evidence for a separate brain tumor entity

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

23.04.2024 | Demenz | Nachrichten

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 | Parkinson-Krankheit | Podcast | Nachrichten

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus
Professorin Dr. Claudia Trenkwalder, Neurologin

22.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Nachrichten

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

19.04.2024 | AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 | Nachrichten

Hustenstiller lindert Agitation bei Alzheimer
weitere anzeigen

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise