Background
Regulatory problems and parental distress
Influence of regulatory problems on childhood development
Study aims and hypothesis
Methods
Participants
Study design
Age of mothers |
M (SD)
|
---|---|
28.2 (6.4) | |
Marital status
|
n (%)
|
Married | 50 (39.1%) |
Single mother | 29 (22.7%) |
Single, partnership with the child’s father | 44 (34.4%) |
Single, a new partner | 5 (3.9%) |
Education
| |
Without obtaining qualifications | 13 (10.4%) |
Secondary general school | 47 (37.6%) |
Intermediate secondary school | 39 (31.2%) |
Technical college entrance qualification | 5 (4.0%) |
University entrance diploma | 13 (10.4%) |
University | 8 (6.4%) |
Monthly income per household
| |
<EUR 1,000 | 41 (35.0%) |
EUR 1,000-1,500 | 43 (36.8%) |
EUR 1,500-2,000 | 16 (13.7%) |
>EUR 2,000 | 17 (14.5%) |
Nationality
| |
German | 99 (78.0%) |
Turkish | 7 (5.5%) |
Other | 21 (16.6%) |
M (SD) | N* | |
---|---|---|
Birth during gestational week
| 38.77(2.32) | 148 |
Weight at birth (g)
| 3159.31 (634.08) | 152 |
Age T1 (weeks, corrected due to prematurity)
| 18.73 (2.66) | 152 |
n (%)
|
N*
| |
Gender/male
| 80 (52.3%) | 153 |
Premature infant (birth < 37 SSW)
| 17 (11.5%) | 148 |
Low gestational weight (< 2500 g)
| 23 (15.1%) | 152 |
Measures
Procedure
Statistical methods
M (SD) | Range | N | K-S-Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SFS C/S T1
| 1.56 (0.30) | 1.00 - 2.50 | 153 | n.s. |
SFS F T1
| 1.23 (0.29) | 1.00 – 2.69 | 153 | p < 0.000 |
SFS C/S T2
| 1.54 (0.32) | 1.04 - 2.75 | 140 | p < 0.002 |
SFS F T2
| 1.28 (0.32) | 1.00 – 2.46 | 140 | p < 0.000 |
HBS O T1
| 49.53 (15.00) | 10 - 90 | 150 | p < 0.000 |
PSI PD T1
| 2.28 (0.76) | 1.00 – 4.58 | 127 | n.s. |
PSI DI T1
| 1.40 (0.43) | 1.00 – 3.33 | 126 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ C T1
| 51.40 | 20 - 60 | 153 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ GM T1
| 55.98 | 20 - 60 | 153 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ FM T1
| 47.58 | 15 - 60 | 153 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ PS T1
| 53.31 | 15 - 60 | 151 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ SD T1
| 50.49 | 15 - 60 | 152 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ C T3
| 44.84 (10.63) | 20 - 60 | 123 | p < 0.004 |
ASQ GM T3
| 46.84 (15.78) | 5 - 60 | 122 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ FM T3
| 49.71 (10.49) | 10 - 60 | 122 | p < 0.000 |
ASQ PS T3
| 47.17 (10.53) | 15 - 60 | 120 | p < 0.003 |
ASQ SD T3
| 43.90 (13.44) | 10 - 60 | 123 | p < 0.006 |
Results
Descriptive statistics
Relationships between regulatory disorders, maternal stress levels and degree of dysfunctionality of mother-child interaction at T1
SFS C/S T1 | SFS F T1 | ASQ C T1 | ASQ GM T1 | ASQ FM T1 | ASQ PS T1 | ASQ SD T1 | PSI PD T1 | PSI DI T1 | SFS C/S T2 | SFS F T2 | ASQ C T2 | ASQ GM T2 | ASQ FM T2 | ASQ PS T2 | ASQ SD T2 | ASQ C T3 | ASQ GM T3 | ASQ FM T3 | ASQ PS T3 | ASQ SD T3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SFS C/S T1
| 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
N = 153 | |||||||||||||||||||||
SFS F T1
| .298*** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
N = 153 | N = 153 | ||||||||||||||||||||
ASQ C T1
| n.s. | n.s. | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
N = 153 | |||||||||||||||||||||
ASQ GM T1
| n.s. | n.s. | .393*** | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
N = 153 | N = 153 | ||||||||||||||||||||
ASQ FM T1
| n.s. | n.s. | .296*** | .376*** | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
N = 153 | N = 153 | N = 153 | |||||||||||||||||||
ASQ PS T1
| n.s. | n.s. | .334*** | .434*** | .548*** | 1 | |||||||||||||||
N = 151 | N = 151 | N = 151 | N = 151 | ||||||||||||||||||
ASQ SD T1
| n.s. | n.s. | .385*** | .389*** | .400*** | .544*** | 1 | ||||||||||||||
N = 152 | N = 152 | N = 152 | N = 150 | N = 152 | |||||||||||||||||
PSI PD T1
| .353*** | .237** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 1 | |||||||||||||
N = 127 | N = 127 | N = 127 | |||||||||||||||||||
PSI DI T1
| .291*** | .277** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .533*** | 1 | ||||||||||||
N = 126 | N = 126 | N = 126 | N = 126 | ||||||||||||||||||
SFS C/S T2
| .570*** | .284** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .349*** | .278** | 1 | |||||||||||
N = 140 | N = 140 | N = 121 | N = 120 | N = 140 | |||||||||||||||||
SFS F T2
| .223** | .573*** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .305*** | .313*** | .419*** | 1 | ||||||||||
N = 140 | N = 140 | N = 121 | N = 120 | N = 140 | N = 140 | ||||||||||||||||
ASQ C T2
| n.s. | n.s. | .297*** | .242** | .235** | .247** | .382*** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s | n.s | 1 | |||||||||
N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 135 | N = 136 | N = 137 | ||||||||||||||||
ASQ GM T2
| n.s. | n.s. | .242** | .292*** | .372*** | .286*** | .171* | n.s. | n.s. | n.s | n.s | .259** | 1 | ||||||||
N = 138 | N = 138 | N = 138 | N = 136 | N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 138 | |||||||||||||||
ASQ FM T2
| n.s. | n.s. | .211* | .187* | .320*** | .252** | .266** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .378*** | .191* | 1 | |||||||
N = 134 | N = 134 | N = 134 | N = 132 | N = 133 | N = 133 | N = 134 | N = 134 | ||||||||||||||
ASQ PS T2
| -.173* | n.s. | .221* | .321*** | .403*** | .296*** | .282** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .338*** | .446*** | .292*** | 1 | ||||||
N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 135 | N = 136 | N = 136 | N = 137 | N = 134 | N = 137 | ||||||||||||
ASQ SD T2
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .332*** | .397*** | .401*** | .292*** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .236** | .475*** | .247** | .331*** | 1 | |||||
N = 137 | N = 137 | N = 135 | N = 136 | N = 136 | N = 137 | N = 134 | N = 137 | N = 137 | |||||||||||||
ASQ C T3
| n.s. | n.s. | .311*** | .189* | .249** | .208* | .289*** | -.228* | -.216* | n.s. | n.s. | .400** | .342*** | .339*** | .341*** | .257** | 1 | ||||
N = 123 | N = 123 | N = 123 | N = 121 | N = 122 | N = 109 | N = 108 | N = 119 | N = 120 | N = 116 | N = 119 | N = 119 | N = 123 | |||||||||
ASQ GM T3
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .291*** | .353*** | .310*** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .299*** | .432*** | n.s | n.s. | .449*** | .212* | 1 | |||
N = 122 | N = 120 | N = 121 | N = 118 | N = 119 | N = 118 | N = 122 | N = 122 | ||||||||||||||
ASQ FM T3
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .355*** | .293*** | .297*** | .277** | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .257** | .345*** | .281** | .289** | .380*** | .344*** | .259** | 1 | ||
N = 122 | N = 122 | N = 120 | N = 121 | N = 118 | N = 119 | N = 115 | N = 118 | N = 118 | N = 122 | N = 121 | N = 122 | ||||||||||
ASQ PS T3
| n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | .206* | n.s. | n.s | .193* | n.s. | .277** | .193* | .257** | 1 | |
N = 116 | N = 116 | N = 120 | N = 119 | N = 120 | N = 120 | ||||||||||||||||
ASQ SD T3
| -.217* | n.s. | .235** | .314*** | .446*** | .300*** | .284*** | n.s. | n.s. | -.237** | -.216* | .309*** | .459*** | .347*** | .487*** | .487*** | .496*** | .421*** | .509*** | .273** | |
N = 123 | N = 123 | N = 123 | N = 123 | N = 121 | N = 122 | N = 122 | N = 122 | N = 119 | N = 120 | N = 116 | N = 119 | N = 119 | N = 123 | N = 122 | N = 122 | N = 120 |
Relationships between maternal stress levels and degree of dysfunctionality of mother-child interaction at T1 and T3 and children’s developmental levels at T3
Bivariate associations between regulatory problems at T1/T2 and the child’s social development at T3
Gender-related differences in regulatory problems and developmental level
Stability of regulatory problems from T1 to T2
Prediction of the child’s social development at T3 by means of regulatory problems at T1
Model summary |
R
2
| Corrected R
2
|
F
|
Beta
| R
2
Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1
| 0.07 | 0.05 | 3.45* | ||
Constant | *** | ||||
SFS C/S T1 | -0.20 | ||||
SFS F T1 | -0.13 | ||||
Model 2
| 0.21 | 0.13 | 2.57* | 0.14* | |
Constant | ** | ||||
SFS C/S T1 | -0.29* | ||||
SFS F T1 | -0.14 | ||||
ASQ SD T1 | 0.33** | ||||
Gender child | 0.06 | ||||
Gender child x SFS C/S | 0.19 | ||||
Gender child x SFS F | 0.07 | ||||
Premature infant | 0.01 | ||||
PSI PD T1 | -0.04 | ||||
PSI DI T1 | -0.03 | ||||
Mother's education | -0.11 | ||||
Income/household | 0.01 |
Prediction of the child’s social development at T3 by means of regulatory problems at T2
Model summary |
R
2
| Corrected R
2
|
F
|
Beta
| R
2
Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1
| 0.10 | 0.08 | 5.27** | ||
Constant | *** | ||||
SFS C/S T2 | -0.27* | ||||
SFS F T2 | -0.10 | ||||
Model 2
| 0.42 | 0.38 | 9.06*** | 0.32*** | |
Constant | *** | ||||
SFS C/S T2 | -0.29** | ||||
SFS F T2 | -0.15 | ||||
ASQ SD T2 | 0.56*** | ||||
Gender child | 0.02 | ||||
Gender child x SFS C/S | 0.06 | ||||
Gender child x SFS F | -0.01 | ||||
Premature infant | 0.05 | ||||
Income/household | 0.03 | ||||
Mother's education | -0.12 |