Background
Methods
Laboratory measurements
Genotyping
Statistical analysis
Results
Description of the study population
Parameters | Black (n = 224) | White (n = 110) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.5 ± 12.9 | 54.4 ± 17.5 | < 0.0001 |
Gender n (%) | |||
Male | 111 (49.6%) | 60 (54.5%) | 0.74 |
Female | 113 (50.4%) | 50 (45.5%) | |
25- O HD (ng/ml) | 25.8 ± 12.1 | 23.1 ± 11.9 | 0.048 |
PTH (pg/ml) | 214 (61–872) | 112 (30–364) | 0.001 |
Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.22 ± 0.25 | 2.29 ± 0.18 | 0.06 |
TAP (U/L) | 120 (88–190) | 110 (74–145) | 0.14 |
Phosphate (mmol/l) | 1.29 ± 0.47 | 1.48 ± 0.49 | 0.003 |
FGF 23 (ng/ml) | 59 (23–307) | 80 (28–521) | 0.20 |
VDR genotypes | |||
Bsm I
| |||
BB | 54 (24.1%) | 48 (43.6%) | P < 0.0001 |
Bb | 159 (71.0%) | 62 (56.4%) | |
bb | 11 (4.9%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
Fok I
| |||
FF | 151 (67.4%) | 38 (34.6%) | P < 0.0001 |
Ff | 71 (31.7%) | 69 (62.7%) | |
ff | 2 (0.89%) | 3 (2.73%) | |
Apa I
| |||
AA | 94 (42.0%) | 40 (36.4%) | 0.61 |
Aa | 127 (56.7%) | 69 (62.7%) | |
aa | 3 (1.34%) | 1 (0.91%) | |
Taq I
| |||
TT | 128 (57.1%) | 44 (40.0%) | 0.01 |
Tt | 80 (35.7%) | 52 (47.3%) | |
tt | 16 (7.1%) | 14 (12.7%) |
VDR genotypes | Controls |
CKD
| p-valuea | OR (95%CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bsm I
| N = 84 |
N = 268
| |||
BB | 23 (27.4%) | 87 (32.5%) | 0.05 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Bb | 55 (65.5%) | 176 (65.7%) | 0.85 (0.51–1.42) | 0.55 | |
bb | 6 (7.14%) | 5 (1.87%) | 0.28 (0.03–2.32) | 0.24 | |
Dominant model | |||||
BB | 23 (27.4%) | 87 (32.5%) | |||
Bb + bb | 61 (72.6%) | 181 (67.5%) | 0.38 | 0.83 (0.50–1.37) | 0.46 |
Fok I | N = 86 | N = 266 | |||
FF | 45 (52.3%) | 152 (57.1%) | 0.47 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Ff | 39 (45.4%) | 111 (41.7%) | 1.89 (1.17–3.07) | 0.01 | |
ff | 2 (2.3%) | 3 (1.1%) | 2.52 (0.41–15.59) | 0.32 | |
Dominant model | |||||
FF | 45 (52.3%) | 152 (57.1%) | 0.43 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Ff + ff | 41 (47.7%) | 114 (42.9%) | 1.91 (1.18–3.08) | 0.008 | |
Apa I | N = 83 | N = 269 | |||
AA | 32 (38.6%) | 112 (41.6%) | 0.50 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Aa | 51 (61.4%) | 152 (56.5%) | 1.44 (0.88–2.37) | 0.15 | |
aa | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (1.86%) | 2.33 (0.37–14.57) | 0.37 | |
Dominant model | |||||
AA | 32 (38.6%) | 112 (41.6%) | 0.70 | 1.00 (reference | |
Aa +aa | 51 (61.4%) | 157 (59.0%) | 1.46 (0.89–2.40) | 0.13 | |
Taq I | N = 84 | N = 268 | |||
TT | 37 (44.1%) | 146 (54.5%) | 0.05 | 1.00 (reference) | |
Tt | 42 (50.0%) | 95 (35.5%) | 1.00 (0.61–1.65) | 0.99 | |
tt | 5 (6.0%) | 27 (10.1%) | 0.76 (0.31–1.87) | 0.60 | |
Dominant model | |||||
TT | 37 (44.1%) | 146 (54.5%) | 0.06 | ||
Tt + tt | 47 (56.0%) | 122 (45.5%) | 0.96 (0.59–1.53) | 0.85 |
Variable | Genotypes | p-value | P-valuec | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bsm I
| BB (n = 87) | Bb (n = 176) | bb (n = 5) | ||
25-OH D (ng/ml) | 21 (14–33) | 25 (16–34) | 27 (19–31) | 0.30 | 0.14 |
PTH (pg/ml) | 231 (111–593) | 553 (197–1230) | 169 (134–214) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.24 ± 0.21 | 2.21 ± 0.26 | 2.15 ± 0.25 | 0.49 | 0.32 |
Corrected ca (mmol/l) | 2.20 ± 0.75 | 2.21 ± 0.64 | 2.20 ± 0.10 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
Phosphate (mmol/l) | 1.27 ± 0.49 | 1.43 ± 0.49 | 1.0 ± 0.33 | 0.002 | 0.01 |
TAP (U/L) | 121 (83–153) | 113 (88–173) | 80 (57–141) | 0.373 | 0.91 |
FGF 23 | 95 (34–414) | 157 (52–1191) | 33 (22–35) | 0.047 | 0.08 |
Medications | |||||
Calcium carbonate | 37 (42.5) | 89 (50.6) | 2 (40.0) | 0.19 | 0.07 |
Alfacalcidol | 28 (32.2) | 80 (45.5) | 1 (20.0) | 0.09 | 0.047 |
Caco3 (mg/day) | 3643 ± 802 | 3577 ± 744 | 3750 ± 1060 | 0.94 | 0.84 |
Alfacalcidol (μg/week) | 2.25 ± 1.22 | 1.81 ± 1.07 | – | – | 0.38 |
Fok I
| FF (n = 152) | Ff (n = 111) | ff (n = 3) | ||
25-OH D (ng/ml) | 24 (14–34) | 22 (14–33) | 15 (11–29) | 0.31 | 0.30 |
PTH (pg/ml) | 327 (121–975) | 360 (166–735) | 61 (28–94) | 0.12 | 0.86 |
Calcium (mmol/l) | 2.21 ± 0.27 | 2.23 ± 0.20 | 2.17 ± 0.43 | 0.78 | 0.55 |
Corrected ca (mmol/l) | 2.21 ± 0.61 | 2.19 ± 0.76 | 2.17 ± 0.27 | 0.97 | 0.83 |
Phosphate (mmol/l) | 1.35 ± 0.51 | 1.38 ± 0.48 | 1.61 ± 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
TAP (U/L) | 123 (91–160) | 103 (79–167) | 258 (69–312) | 0.47 | 0.35 |
FGF 23 | 105 (35–845) | 161 (54–1109) | 81 (22–130) | 0.36 | 0.29 |
Medications | |||||
Calcium carbonate | 65 (42.8) | 59 (44.1) | 1 (33.3) | 0.23 | 0.11 |
Alfacalcidol | 60 (39.5) | 45 (40.5) | 1 (33.3) | 0.91 | 0.74 |
Calcium carbonate (mg/day) | 3545 ± 739 | 3692 ± 778 | – | – | 0.58 |
Alfacalcidol (μg/week) | 1.98 ± 1.12 | 1.93 ± 1.12 | – | – | 0.91 |
Taq I
| TT (n = 146) | Tt (n = 95) | tt (n = 27) | ||
25- OHD (ng/ml) | 23 (15–32) | 25 (16–36) | 21 (15–32) | 0.31 | 0.23 |
PTH(pg/ml) | 363 (174–926) | 327 (109–913) | 672 (121–1314) | 0.24 | 0.17 |
Calcium | 2.22 ± 0.23 | 2.22 ± 0.25 | 2.26 ± 0.28 | 0.74 | 0.87 |
Corrected ca | 2.21 ± 0.61 | 2.17 ± 0.82 | 2.36 ± 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.71 |
Phosphate (ng/ml) | 1.31 ± 0.45 | 1.38 ± 0.56 | 1.52 ± 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.36 |
TAP (U/L) | 110 (82–154) | 123 (93–192) | 121 (75–167) | 0.39 | 0.17 |
FGF 23 | 100 (39–867) | 150 (35–511) | 263 (98–3834) | 0.055 | 0.91 |
Medications | |||||
Calcium carbonate | 61 (41.8) | 52 (54.7) | 14 (51.9) | 0.41 | 0.18 |
Alfacalcidol | 54 (37.0) | 43 (45.3) | 11 (40.7) | 0.50 | 0.24 |
Calcium carbonate (mg/day) | 3474 ± 716 | 3900 ± 775 | 3500 ± 775 | 0.33 | 0.15 |
Alfacalcidol (μg/week) | 1.68 ± 0.94 | 2.44 ± 1.32 | 2.25 ± 1.06 | 0.23 | 0.10 |
Apa I
| AA (n = 112) | Aa (n = 152) | aa (n = 5) | ||
25 -OHD (ng/ml) | 24 (17–37) | 22 (15–32) | 19 (15–28) | 0.22 | |
PTH (pg/ml) | 329 (137–957) | 383 (99–814) | 1889 (1359–1889) | 0.04 | 0.63 |
Phosphate (mmol/l) | 1.34 ± 0.52 | 1.37 ± 0.48 | 1.63 ± 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.52 |
Calcium | 2.23 ± 0.25 | 2.21 ± 0.24 | 2.38 ± 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.52 |
Corrected ca | 2.22 ± 0.66 | 2.19 ± 0.68 | 2.41 ± 0.16 | 0.79 | 0.76 |
TAP (U/L) | 123 (82–190) | 115 (88–149 | 160 (91–440) | 0.51 | 0.91 |
FGF 23 | 109 (35–929) | 121 (44–761) | 335 (72–687) | 0.69 | 0.65 |
Medications | |||||
Calcium carbonate | 49 (43.8) | 74 (48.7) | 5 (100.0) | 0.04 | 0.23 |
Alfacalcidol | 41 (36.6) | 64 (42.1) | 4 (80.0) | 0.29 | 0.33 |
Calcium carbonate (mg/day) | 3700 ± 775 | 3525 ± 734 | 3375 ± 750 | 0.68 | 0.50 |
Alfacalcidol (μg/week) | 2.03 ± 1.06 | 1.93 ± 1.15 | 2.50 ± 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.83 |
Polymorphisms | Crude OR 95% (CI) | P-value | AdjustedaOR 95% (CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate (controlled) secondary hyperparathyroidism (PTH > 130 ng/ml) | ||||
Bsm I
| ||||
BB | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Bb | 3.12 (1.11–8.83) | 0.03 | 3.88 (1.13–13.25) | 0.03 |
bb | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
FokI
| ||||
FF | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Ff | 0.87 (0.31–2.39) | 0.78 | 0.65 (0.20–2.10) | 0.47 |
ff | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Taq I
| ||||
TT | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Tt | 0.27 (0.09–0.84) | 0.02 | 0.43 (0.12–1.52) | 0.19 |
tt | 0.53 (0.09–2.96) | 0.47 | 0.76 (0.11–5.19) | 0.78 |
Apa I
| ||||
AA | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Aa | 0.42 (0.13–1.36) | 0.15 | 0.25 (0.06–1.01) | 0.052 |
aa | 0.28 (0.3–3.14) | 0.30 | 0.25 (0.01–3.10) | 0.25 |
Severe (uncontrolled) hyperparathyroidism (PTH > 585 pg/ml) | ||||
Bsm I
| ||||
BB | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Bb | 2.55 (1.19–5.47) | 0.02 | 2.54 (1.08–5.96) | 0.032 |
bb | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Fok I
| ||||
FF | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Ff | 0.42 (0.21–0.82) | 0.01 | 0.37 (0.17–0.81) | 0.01 |
ff | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Taq I
| ||||
TT | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Tt | 0.64 (0.31–1.32) | 0.23 | 0.71 (0.32–1.59) | 0.41 |
tt | 1.37 (0.44–4.24) | 0.58 | 1.39 (0.41–4.73) | 0.39 |
Apa I
| ||||
AA | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Aa | 0.85 (0.43–1.69) | 0.65 | 0.74 (0.35–1.57) | 0.43 |
aa | 2.26 (0.24–21.47) | 0.48 | 2.84 (0.27–30.22) | 0.86 |