Influenza circulating viruses, positivity rate and risk factors for influenza associated severe acute respiratory infection during 2018/2019 winter season, Yemen
The burden of seasonal influenza in conflict counties is exacerbated due to limited resource and collapse of health system. During 2018 /2019 season, two-fold increase in the incidence of influenza was reported in Yemen with 22% case fatality of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI). The aims are to analyze the influenza circulating viruses, positivity rate and risk factors for hospitalizing influenza associated-SARI.
Methodology
We used a retrospective analytical study based on surveillance data. All reported patients during 2018/2019 season, fulfilling the WHO cases definition for SARI or influenza like illness (ILI), and had laboratory result from the National Laboratory were included. Influenza positivity rate was calculated, all SARI and ILI patients with positive influenza were included for further analysis by univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. Crude and adjusted Odds ratio (AOR), 95% confidence interval and P-value < 0.05 were used for statistically significant.
Results
Out of 2186 patients enrolled, 768 patients were tested for influenza viruses,: 19% were children < 15 years, 15% were ≥ 65 years, 69% males and 18% had co-morbidity with chronic diseases. Patients with SARI were 37% and 63% were ILI patients. Influenza viruses were detected in 411 (53.5%), 68% were influenza A subtype (H1N1)pdm09, 27% influenza B and 5% was influenza A not subtyped. The influenza positivity was significantly higher in SARI compared to ILI for patients < 15 years (95% vs, 66%, p < 0.001), and patients ≥ 65 years (83% vs. 56%, p < 0.002), respectively. The highest positivity for influenza type A and B reached 44% and 33% for patients ≥ 65 years and < 15 years, respectively. The risk factors for influenza-associated SARI in multivariate analysis included age < 5 [AOR 2.8] and ≥ 65 years old [AOR 3.1] compared to age 5– < 25 years, diabetes [AOR 4.7], heart diseases [AOR 3.1] and chronic respiratory diseases [AOR 5.0].
Conclusion
The influenza positivity during 2018/2019 winter season was high in Yemen and varied by age distribution. Influenza subtype A (H1N1) pdm09 was the predominant and co circulated with influenza B. An influenza vaccination program for the risk group is necessary. Strengthening lab capacity to detect respiratory pathogens and further prospective study for more comprehensive picture are recommended.
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Abkürzungen
AOR
Adjusted Odds Ratio
CI
Confidence Interval
eDEWS
Electronic disease early warning system
ILI
Influenza like illness
NCPH
National Central public Health Laboratory
OR
Odds Ratio
RT-PCR
Reverse transcription polymerase Chain Reaction
SARI
Severe acute respiratory infection
WHO
World health Organization
Background
Influenza is a respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses. Type A and B are responsible for 3 to 5 million cases of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and 290,000 to 650,000 deaths per year [1]. The severity of influenza viruses is mainly due to exacerbations of some underlying conditions or due to bacterial co-infection and secondary infection that synergize influenza viruses and leading to severe complication, e.g. respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure and death [2‐4]. The burden of SARI in conflict and crisis counties is high due to the limited access and collapse of health system [5]
Yemen has started SARI surveillance at the end of 2010 by establishing two sentinel sites; one site was in Sana’a city and one was in Aden city. During 2010 to 2016, many studies on SARI patients have shown influenza positivity rate between 5–10% and 10% case fatality rate [6‐8].
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The electronic disease early warning system (eDEWS), due to the war and limited access to health facilities has been strengthen to function as integrated system for all infectious disease since the end of 2016. It has covered all functional healthcare facilities and became the main source of data in the county [9‐11]. Almost 7132 and 94,377 of SARI and ILI cases have been reported in 2017 [11]. Increase SARI during influenza season lead to overload hospitalization and admission to intensive care units [12]. The management of SARI patients in Yemen is challenging, only 49% of healthcare facilities are functioning and the majority of these healthcare facilities has shown to be poorly equipped to manage this type of infection [13‐15]. During 2018/2019 season, two-fold increase in the incidence of influenza with 22% case fatality rate among influenza associated SARI has been reported by previous study [16].
Thus, interventional prevention against seasonal influenza such vaccination as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) [17], could help to reduce SARI incidence, hospitalization and case fatality.
Identification the type of influenza viruses as well as risk factors for influenza hospitalization are the first steps for such intervention. The aims are to analyze the influenza circulating viruses, positivity rate and risk factors for hospitalizing influenza associated SARI.
Methods
Study design
A retrospective analytical study based on secondary data of influenza surveillance. All SARI and ILI patients with positive influenza result were included for further analysis for the risk factors of influenza associated-SARI.
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Study population
All patients enrolled through ILI and SARI surveillance, with data collected by surveillance staff as a part of the epidemiological surveillance during 2018/2019 season (November 2018–February 2018) and had laboratory test result for influenza viruses.
Case definitions
The surveillance team used WHO's case definitions for SARI and ILI. A SARI case defined as any patient presenting with acute respiratory infection, had a history of fever or measured fever of ≥ 38 °C within the previous 10 days and requiring hospitalization. An ILI case is defined as an outpatient presenting with acute respiratory infection including, history of fever or measured fever of ≥ 38 °C within the previous 10 days [18, 19].
Study sites
Public and private hospitals covered by influenza surveillance, located in cold climate governorates including; AL Amanah, Albydaa, Al Mhweet, Amran, Dhmar, Hajah, Ibb, Saada, Sana,a and Taiz governorates were included in this study.
Data collection
An investigation form was used for collecting data from adult patients or from parents in case of children. Demographic data; date of onset, clinical symptoms at admission such as history of fever or measured fever ≥ 38 °C, cough onset within previous 10 days were collected. As well as comorbidities—chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, renal diseases, respiratory diseases; asthma, chronic pulmonary disease, TB and if the case was an ILI or SARI.
Samples
Nasopharyngeal (N) and oropharyngeal (O) swabs were collected immediately after the clinical examination. The samples were transported at 4 °C within 24 h to National Central public Health Laboratory (NCPH) along with the investigation forms. At NCPH the primers and robes provided by CDC were used for detecting influenza A and B viruses by Reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR).
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed by Epi Info version 7.2. Positivity rate for influenza was calculated by dividing the number of patients with positive influenza by total number of patients who had laboratory result for influenza. Chi-square test was used to test the differences of influenza positivity according to severity of infection and age group.
Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratio, respectively with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). p value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant.
Result
Patient's characteristics
From November 2018 to February 2019, 2186 patients from ten governorates enrolled in influenza surveillance including 652 (30%) SARI cases and 1434 (70%) ILI cases. From the total 2186 patients 768 (35%) were tested for influenza viruses accounted for 43% (248 of 652) and 32% (484 of 1534) of SARI and ILI cases, respectively. Of them 19%, were children < 15 years, 15% were ≥ 65 years, 69% were males and 18% had underlying conditions; diabetes, heart diseases and renal diseases were among 10%, 6% and 6% respectively, hypertension were among 5% and respiratory diseases were among 3% of all patients.. The median age of SARI cases was 41(30–60) years compared to 35 (19–54) years for ILI cases,. Patients with SARI compared to patients with ILI were more likely to be elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years (20% vs 12%, p < 0.001) and patients with comorbidity (36% vs 8%, p < 0.001). In contrast, patients with ILI were more likely to be from children < 15 years (22% vs 13%, p = 0.004).
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Table 1 shows patient's characteristics with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection during 2018/2019 season in Yemen.
Table 1
Characteristics of patients with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection during 2018/2019 season in Yemen
All case
SARI cases
ILI cases
p value
N = 768
Percent (%)
N = 284
Percent 37 (%)
N = 484
Percent 63 (%)
Age
< 15
143
19
38
13
105
22
0.004
15–< 25
56
7
19
7
37
8
Ref
25–< 35
118
15
38
13
80
17
0.821
35–< 45
141
18
54
19
87
18
0.567
45–< 55
110
14
50
18
60
12
0.156
55–< 65
83
11
27
10
56
12
0.864
≥ 65
117
15
58
20
59
12
0.303
Sex
M
531
69
195
69
336
69
0.825
F
237
31
89
31
148
31
Co morbidity
Yes
142
18
102
36
40
8
< 0.001
Diabetes
Yes
80
10
61
21
19
4
< 0.001
No
688
90
223
79
465
96
Hypertension
Yes
38
5
32
11
6
1
< 0.001
No
730
95
252
89
478
99
Heart disease
Yes
44
6
36
13
8
2
< 0.001
No
724
94
248
87
476
98
Renal diseases
0
Yes
49
6
31
11
18
4
< 0.001
No
719
94
253
89
466
96
Respiratory
Yes
23
3
18
6
5
1
< 0.001
No
745
97
266
94
479
99
SARI, severe acute respiratory infection. ILI, influenza like illness
Influenza positivity rate
Influenza viruses were detected in 411 samples out of 768 tested samples that give an overall 53.5% influenza positivity rate, 59% (167/284) in SARI patients and 50% (244/484) in ILI patients. Out of 411 positive samples, 280 (68%) were influenza A subtype (H1N1) pdm09, 110 (27%) were influenza B and 21 (5%) were influenza A not subtyped. The overall positivity of influenza was significantly higher among SARI patients compared to ILI patients (59% vs 50%, p = 0.041). It also was significantly higher among SARI than ILI patients in children < 15 years (95% vs, 66%, p < 0.001), age group 45– < 55 years (60% vs. 37%, p = 0.014) and elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years (83% vs. 56%, p < 0.002). For other age groups, e.g. 15–< 45 years, slightly higher positivity among ILI patients than SARI, but no statistical difference between the two groups.
Figure 1 shows influenza positivity rate among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), by age group, 2018–2019 season, Yemen.
Fig. 1
Influenza positivity among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), by age group, 2018–2019 season, Yemen
×
From the overall 53.5% influenza positive cases, 39% (301) were confirmed with influenza A and 14% (110) with B. The highest positivity rate of influenza A was 44% among ≥ 65 years with slight fluctuation in other age groups. The highest positivity rate for influenza B was 33% among < 15 years old.
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Figure 2 shows positivity of influenza type A and B among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), by age group, 2018–2019 season, Yemen.
Fig. 2
Positivity of influenza type A and B among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), by age group, 2018–2019 season, Yemen
×
Risk factors for hospitalizing influenza-associated SARI
From 411 patients with positive influenza result, 167 (41%) SARI patients and 244 (59%) ILI patients were included in univarate and multivariate analysis. The significant associated risk factors considered in univariate analysis were age between 45 and < 65 (OR 2.4) and ≥ 65 years (OR 4.0) compared with 5– < 25 years, diabetes (OR = 7.0), hypertension (OR = 7.3), chronic heart disease (OR = 7.3), chronic renal diseases (OR = 2.9) and chronic respiratory diseases (OR = 6.2). The risk factors that remained independently associated with influenza-associated SARI in multivariate analysis were ages < 5 years (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.8, p = 0.026), ≥ 65 years (OR 3.1, CI 1.2–7.8, p = 0.016) compared to 5– < 25 years old. Also diabetes (OR 4.7, 95% CL: 2.3–9.5, p < 0.001), heart diseases (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–15.0, p = 0.018) and chronic respiratory disease (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2–19.9, p = 0.021).
Table 2 shows univariate and multivariate analysis for influenza associated SARI during 2018/2019 season, Yemen.
Table 2
Univariate and Multivariate Analysis for Influenza Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness, 2018/2019 Season, Yemen
Variables
Influenza Associated SARI
influenza Associated ILI
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
167
244
Odds ratio (95% CI)
P value
Odds ratio (95% CI)
P value
Age
< 5
33/167 (20)
48/244 (20)
2.2 (0.9–4.9)
0.058
2.8 (1.2–6.8)
0.026a
5–< 25
11/167 (7)
35/244 (14)
Ref
Ref
25–< 45
37/167 (22)
79/244 (32)
1.5 (0.7–3.2)
0.317
1.9 (0.8–4.5)
0.124
45–< 65
41/167 (25)
46/244 (19)
2.4 (1.3–6.3)
0.010a
2.3 (0.9–5.7)
0.052
≥ 65
45/167 (27)
36/244 (15)
4.0 (1.8–9.0
0.001a
3.1 (1.2–7.8)
0.016a
Diabetes
50/167 (30)
14/244 (6)
7.0 (3.7–13.2)
< 0.001a
4.7 (2.3–9.5)
< 0.001a
Hypertension
26/167 (16)
6/244(2)
7.3 (2.9–18.2)
< 0.001a
1.2 (0.3–4.1)
0.790
Heart disease
26/167 (16)
6/244(2)
7.3 (2.9–18.2)
< 0.001a
3.1 (1.3–15.0)
0.018a
Renal diseases
24/167 (14)
13/244 (5)
2.9 (1,8–6.0)
0.001a
1.8 (0.7–4.1)
0.214
Respiratory
12/167 (7)
3/244 (1)
6.2 (1.7–22.7)
0.001a
5.0 (1.2–19.9)
0.021a
aStatistically Significant, SARI, severe acute respiratory infection. ILI, influenza like illness
Discussion
In this study, we analyzed influenza surveillance data to provide insight into influenza positivity, type of influenza viruses and risk factors for influenza-associated hospitalization in the crisis country, Yemen.
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Our finding showed high positivity rate for influenza among both SARI and ILI patients. This result might be due to the time of infection, which occurred during winter months when the transmission of human influenza usually reaches the highest peaks [20‐24]. This result was within the range of reported influenza positivity during 2018/2019 season form Western Asia where our country is located [24].
Furthermore influenza type A and subtype A (H1N1) pdm09 were the predominant circulating viruses. This result was consistent with the result reported from some countries in Western Asia (Kuwait and Qatar) and other countries form Middle East and North Africa region during the previous two seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 [20, 23‐26]
An increase in number of SARI cases corresponded to the peaks of influenza activity during 2018/2019 season has been reported in neighboring countries: Saudi Arabia and Oman [24]. This was consistent with our result that showed higher positivity in SARI patients.
Out study showed varied positivity rate for influenza in SARI and ILI patients, higher positivity in children < 15 years and patient's ≥ 65 years compared to other age groups within both SARI and ILI patient. Higher positivity in patients with SARI compared to those with ILI except for age group ≥ 15 to < 45 years old. This variation has been demonstrated in many studies with some differences; study in Morocco showed highest positivity rates among ≥ 65 years of SARI patients compared to 5–15 years of ILI patients [25]. Study conducted in Egypt reported similar positivity among < 15 years, increase in the positivity in SARI and decrease in ILI patients ≥ 15 years old [27]. Other study in China revealed similar activity of influenza virus among patients < 5 years with ILI and SARI [28].
The difference might be due to the different in the size and age distribution of population under study. Equal proportion for age groups in our study with higher ages compared to large population and predominates of children < 15 years in those studies.
However, influenza B viruses were not predominant in our results and it was similar to the countries of Western Asia where our country is located [24]. Our study showed different positivity rates of influenza B in different age groups, the highest positivity was among children < 15 years, followed by patients ≥ 65 years old.
The higher positivity rate among ≥ 65 years was consistent with a study conducted in Egypt which revealed that influenza B was more common in patients aged ≥ 65 years [27]. The highest positivity rate in children might be due to the fact that even influenza B affects all age groups, children play as vectors for the spread of virus and schoolchildren are more infected [29, 30].
Out findings showed high detection rate among SARI patients 59% compared to (5%–10.9%) of previous studies conducted in Yemen during period 2011–2016 [6‐8, 31, 32]. This might be due to that SARI patients in previous studies were from whole year, while patients of our study were from winter months. This result was consistent with previous study which demonstrated 23% detection rate for influenza from SARI patients during winter season compared to 2% during the rest 3 seasons of the year (p value < 0.001) [6].
The multivariate analysis of this study identified risk factors for hospitalization of severe influenza-associated SARI including extremes age < 5 and ≥ 65 years and three comorbidities: diabetes, heart disease and chronic respiratory disease. These risk factors have been founded in several studies conducted in developing and developed countries [25, 33‐35]. As well as, they were within the risk group to whom WHO recommended influenza vaccination [17].
The risk of chronic renal disease is certainly the subject of a confounding effect due to the statistical association with the diabetes and heart disease.
In contest to result of study conducted in Morocco, males were found to be not associated with hospitalization of influenza associated-SARI. This might be due to equal proportion of patients according to sex in our study compared to the over-recruitment of women in that study.
There are some limitations in this study. It is based on secondary data collected from ten governorates patients co-morbidities included only the most common chronic disease in Yemen. The risk of other co morbidities such as HIV, malnourished people and pregnancy were not studied because either this information was not available in the data or the low prevalence such as HIV. Furthermore, the results for influenza B subtype and other respiratory viruses such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus were not available due to the shortage of laboratory kits. As well as bacterial etiology such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus that contributed in hospitalization of SARI [2] were not available.
Nevertheless, the current study provides information about influenza positivity and risk factors for hospitalization of influenza associated SARI in Yemen, particularly in cold climate governorates. It could help public health authorities to introduce influenza vaccine for people at high risk particular under 5 years and elderly people, diabetics, patients with cardiac diseases and respiratory diseases.
Conclusion
The positivity rate for influenza during 2018/2019 season was high in cold climate governorates of Yemen. The positivity rate for influenza viruses among patients with SARI and ILI varied according to age distribution. Influenza Type A virus and subtype AH1N1 were predominant circulating viruses and co circulated with influenza type B. Influenza type A virus was higher among elderly SARI patients, while influenza type B virus was higher among < 15 years old. Extremes age < 5 and ≥ 65 years, underlying conditions including diabetes, cardiac diseases, chronic respiratory diseases were the identified risk factors for hospitalization of influenza associated SARI. Introducing influenza vaccine for these risk groups is highly recommended. A prospective study to assess co morbidities as risk factors for influenza associated SARI should be conducted. Strengthening laboratory capacity to detect other respiratory pathogens is highly recommended.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
As these data were secondary data, collected by surveillance staff, obtained from the influenza surveillance system and the use of such data is part of the national surveillance activities, the study did not require formal ethical review. An official permission to perform this study was obtained from Ministry of Public Health and Population. I confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations in the county. The study did not involve experiments on human subject or human participants under the age of 18 years. No human studies are presented in this manuscript.
Consent for publication
This study does not include any identifiable human images or data and thus does not require a consent to publish.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Influenza circulating viruses, positivity rate and risk factors for influenza associated severe acute respiratory infection during 2018/2019 winter season, Yemen
