Background
Methods
Study design
Subjects
Study variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Total | Non users | Users | P-value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) | ||
Participants | 1725 | 269 | (15.6) | 1456 | (84.4) | ||
Gender | 1725 | <0.001 | |||||
Male | 865 | (51.1) | 180 | (33.1) | 685 | (53.0) | |
Female | 860 | (49.9) | 89 | (66.9) | 771 | (47.0) | |
Age (years). Mean (SD). | 45.54 (13.65) | 55,60 (11.97) | 41,39 (12.06) | <0.001 | |||
Age group | 1725 | <0.001 | |||||
18-35 | 451 | (26.1) | 6 | (2.2) | 445 | (30.6) | |
36-45 | 402 | (23.3) | 21 | (7.8) | 381 | (26.2) | |
46-65 | 733 | (42.5) | 159 | (59.1) | 574 | (39.4) | |
>65 | 139 | (8.1) | 83 | (30.9) | 56 | (3.8) | |
Marital status | 1725 | <0.001 | |||||
Married | 1096 | (63.5) | 198 | (73.6) | 898 | (61.7) | |
Single | 395 | (22.9) | 27 | (10.0) | 368 | (25.3) | |
Separate | 174 | (10.1) | 18 | (6.7) | 156 | (10.7) | |
Widow/er | 60 | (3.5) | 26 | (9.7) | 34 | (2.3) | |
Social class | 1658 | <0.001 | |||||
Most favored: Non-manual | 672 | (40.5) | 40 | (16.5) | 632 | (44.7) | |
Disadvantaged: Manual | 986 | (59.5) | 203 | (83.5) | 783 | (55.3) | |
Educational level | 1723 | <0.001 | |||||
Lower secondary education | 819 | (47.5) | 216 | (80.3) | 603 | (41.5) | |
Secondary/higher education | 904 | (52.5) | 53 | (19.7) | 851 | (58.5) | |
Number cigarettes/day. Mean (SD). | 15.39 (9.28) | 17.35 (11.40) | 15.03 (8.80) | <0.001 | |||
Age of initiation consumption. Mean (SD). Mean (SD) MEAN | 17.21 (4.55) | 18.62 (6.64) | 16.96 (4.01) | <0.001 | |||
Fagerström test. Mean (SD) | 2.35 (1.63) | 2.62 (1.74) | 2.31 (1.61) | 0.004 | |||
Fagerström test | 1693 | <0.001 | |||||
Low | 862 | (50.9) | 130 | (48.9) | 732 | (51.3) | |
Medium | 691 | (40.8) | 98 | (36.8) | 593 | (41.6) | |
High | 140 | (8.3) | 38 | (14.3) | 102 | (7.1) | |
Attempts at smoking cessation. Mean (SD). | 2.2 (2.4) | 2.1 (2.2) | 2.2 (2.5) | 0.480 | |||
Smoking environment of partner* | 1448 | <0.001 | |||||
Yes | 695 | (47.9) | 69 | (31.7) | 626 | (50.9) | |
No | 753 | (52.1) | 149 | (68.3) | 604 | (49.1) | |
Presence of smoking in the home* | 1673 | 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 939 | (87.5) | 121 | (47.1) | 818 | (57.8) | |
No | 734 | (12.5) | 136 | (52.9) | 598 | (42.2) | |
Workplace/smoking studies* | 1351 | 0.970 | |||||
Yes | 745 | (55.2) | 73 | (55.3) | 672 | (55.1) | |
No | 606 | (44.8) | 59 | (44.7) | 547 | (44.9) | |
Smoking environment of friends | 1725 | 0.570 | |||||
Yes | 1129 | (65.4) | 172 | (63.9) | 957 | (65.7) | |
No | 596 | (34.6) | 97 | (36.1) | 499 | (34.3) | |
Have made some attempt to quit smoking | 1582 | 0.830 | |||||
Yes | 1179 | (74.5) | 349 | (74.9) | 830 | (74.4) | |
No | 403 | (25.5) | 117 | (25.1) | 286 | (25.6) | |
Pharmacoterapy used for smoking cessation† | 1137 | 0.210 | |||||
Nicotine replacement therapy | 132 | (11.6) | 17 | (9.7) | 115 | (12.0) | |
Bupropion | 27 | (2.4) | 5 | (2.8) | 22 | (2.3) | |
Varenicline | 43 | (3.8) | 4 | (2.3) | 39 | (4.1) | |
≥2 treatments | 64 | (5.6) | 5 | (2.8) | 59 | (6.1) | |
No medication | 871 | (76.6) | 145 | (82.4) | 726 | (75.5) | |
Chronic medication intake | 1137 | 0.049 | |||||
Some medication | 266 | (23.4) | 31 | (17.6) | 235 | (24.5) | |
No medication | 871 | (76.6) | 145 | (82.4) | 726 | (75.5) |
Total | Don’t use E-mail | Low use of E-mail | Mid/high use of E-mail | P-value | Don’t use web pages | Low use of webs pages | Mid/high use of web pages | P-value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) | |||
Participants | 1725 | 599 | (34.7) | 267 | (15.5) | 859 | (49.8) | 492 | (28.5) | 267 | (15.5) | 966 | (56.0) | |||
Gender (N = 1725) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Male | 865 | (50.1) | 337 | (56.3) | 135 | (50.6) | 393 | (45.8) | 279 | (56.7) | 124 | (46.4) | 462 | (47.8) | ||
Female | 860 | (49.9) | 262 | (43.7) | 132 | (49.4) | 466 | (54.2) | 213 | (43.3) | 143 | (53.6) | 504 | (52.2) | ||
Age (years) (N = 1725) | 45.5 ± 13.6 | 54.4 ± 12.2 | 42.3 ± 12.2 | 40.3 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | 56.0 ± 11.9 | 45.2 ± 11.9 | 40.3 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | |||||||
Age group | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
18-35 | 451 | (26.1) | 42 | (7.0) | 87 | (32.6) | 322 | (37.5) | 25 | (5.0) | 57 | (21.3) | 369 | (38.2) | ||
36-45 | 402 | (23.3) | 87 | (14.5) | 66 | (24.7) | 249 | (29.0) | 65 | (13.2) | 70 | (26.2) | 267 | (27.6) | ||
46-65 | 733 | (42.5) | 355 | (59.3) | 107 | (40.1) | 271 | (31.5) | 293 | (59.6) | 132 | (49.4) | 308 | (31.9) | ||
>65 | 139 | (8.1) | 115 | (19.2) | 7 | (2.6) | 17 | (2.0) | 109 | (22.2) | 8 | (3.0) | 22 | (2.3) | ||
Social class (N = 1658) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
Most favored/NM | 672 | (40.5) | 101 | (18.1) | 78 | (29.9) | 493 | (58.8) | 81 | (17.7) | 80 | (31.1) | 511 | (54.2) | ||
Disadventaged-M | 986 | (59.5) | 458 | (81.9) | 183 | (70.1) | 345 | (41.2) | 377 | (82.3) | 177 | (68.9) | 432 | (45.8) | ||
Educational level (N = 1723) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||||
<Secondary | 819 | (47.5) | 439 | (51.7) | 138 | (51.7) | 242 | (28.2) | 381 | (77.4) | 126 | (47.2) | 312 | (32.4) | ||
≥Secondary/Higher | 904 | (52.5) | 129 | (48.3) | 129 | (48.3) | 615 | (71.8) | 111 | (22.6) | 141 | (52.8) | 652 | (67.6) | ||
Num. Cigarettes/ day | 15.4 ± 9.3 | 16.9 ± 10.4 | 15.3 ± 8.7 | 14.4 ± 8.4 | <0.001 | 17.2 ± 10.9 | 14.7 ± 8.1 | 14.7 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | |||||||
Age of initiation consumption | 17.2 ± 4.5 | 18.0 ± 6.0 | 16.5 ± 3.2 | 16.9 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | 18.3 ± 6.3 | 16.9 ± 3.9 | 16.8 ± 3.5 | <0.001 | |||||||
Fagerström test | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 2.6 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | |||||||
Attempts smoking cessation | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 0.182 | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 0.185 | |||||||
Total
|
Don’t use sms
|
Low use of sms
|
Mid/high use of sms
|
P
-value
| ||||||||||||
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
|
N
|
(%)
| |||||||||
448 | (26.0) | 400 | (23.2) | 877 | (50.8) | |||||||||||
Gender (N = 1725) | <0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Male | 865 | (50.1) | 305 | (68.1) | 199 | (49.8) | 361 | (41.2) | ||||||||
Female | 860 | (49.9) | 143 | (31.9) | 201 | (50.3) | 516 | (58.8) | ||||||||
Age (years) (N = 1725) | 45.5 ± 13.6 | 54.4 ± 12.3 | 47.3 ± 11.9 | 39.7 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
Age group | <0.001 | |||||||||||||||
18-35 | 451 | (26.1) | 32 | (7.1) | 66 | (16.5) | 353 | (40.3) | ||||||||
36-45 | 402 | (23.3) | 52 | (11.6) | 100 | (25.0) | 250 | (28.5) | ||||||||
46-65 | 733 | (42.5) | 272 | (60.7) | 209 | (52.3) | 252 | (28.7) | ||||||||
>65 | 139 | (8.1) | 92 | (20.5) | 25 | (6.3) | 22 | (2.5) | ||||||||
Social class (N = 1658) | <0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Most favored/NM | 672 | (40.5) | 102 | (24.3) | 142 | (36.8) | 428 | (50.2) | ||||||||
Disadventaged-M | 986 | (59.5) | 317 | (75.7) | 244 | (63.2) | 425 | (49.8) | ||||||||
Educational level (N = 1723) | <0.001 | |||||||||||||||
<Secondary | 819 | (47.5) | 302 | (67.4) | 205 | (51.3) | 312 | (35.7) | ||||||||
≥Secondary/Higher | 904 | (52.5) | 146 | (32.6) | 195 | (48.8) | 563 | (64.3) | ||||||||
Num. Cigarettes/ day | 15.4 ± 9.3 | 16.7 ± 10.9 | 16.0 ± 9.3 | 14.4 ± 8.3 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
Age of initiation consumption | 17.2 ± 4.5 | 17.9 ± 5.7 | 17.3 ± 4.8 | 16.8 ± 3.7 | <0.001 | |||||||||||
Fagerström test | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 0.003 | |||||||||||
Attempts smoking cessation | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 2.2 ± 2.4 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 2.5 | 0.755 |
Use of E-mail | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low frequency of use
|
Mid/high frequency of use
| |||||
OR1 | (95% CI) | P-value | OR2 | (95% CI) | P-value | |
CRUDE OR
| ||||||
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.169 | ||
Female | 0.65 | (0.53-0.81) | 0.822 | (0.62-1.09) | ||
Social class
| ||||||
Disadventaged-M | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Most favored_NM | 1.93 | (1.37-2.72) | 6.48 | (5.02-8.37) | ||
Educational level
| ||||||
<Secondary | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
≥Secondary | 2.56 | (1.89-3.46) | 6.97 | (5.52-8.81) | ||
Age Group
| ||||||
>65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
46-65 | 4.95 | (2.24-10.94) | <0.001 | 5.16 | (3.03-8.80) | <0.001 |
36-45 | 12.4 | (5.45-28.51) | <0.001 | 19.36 | (11.07-34.06) | <0.001 |
18-35 | 34.0 | (14.59-79.40) | <0.001 | 51.86 | (28.39-94.71) | <0.001 |
Fagerström test
| ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Medium | 1.46 | (0.87-2.46) | 0.152 | 2.33 | (1.55-3.51) | <0.001 |
Low | 1.47 | (0.88-2.45) | 0.144 | 2.74 | (1.83-4.09) | <0.001 |
ADJUSTED OR*
| ||||||
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 1.00 | 0.613 | 1.00 | 0.300 | ||
Female | 0.926 | (0.66-1.27) | 0.86 | (0.65-1.14) | ||
Social class
| ||||||
Disadventaged-M | 1.00 | 0.019 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Most favored_NM | 1.61 | (1.08-2.34) | 4.293 | (3.11-5.93) | ||
Educational level
| ||||||
<Secondary | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
≥Secondary | 2.22 | (1.56-3.15) | 4.08 | (3.03-5.48) | ||
Age Group
| ||||||
>65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
46-65 | 4.64 | (2.06-10.45) | <0.001 | 5.46 | (2.97-10.04) | <0.001 |
36-45 | 11.9 | (5.10-28.11) | <0.001 | 21.9 | (11.4-41.9) | <0.001 |
18-35 | 33.4 | (13.97-80.25) | <0.001 | 60.0 | (30.1-95.3) | <0.001 |
Fagerström test
| ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Medium | 1.25 | (0.71-2.19) | 0.436 | 1.92 | (1.15-3.20) | 0.013 |
Low | 1.24 | (0.71-2.17) | 0.448 | 2.03 | (1.22-3.38) | 0.006 |
Use sms | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low frequency of use
|
Mid/high frequency of use
| |||||
OR1 | (95% CI) | P-value | OR2 | (95% CI) | P-value | |
CRUDE OR
| ||||||
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Female | 2.15 | (1.63-2.85) | 3.0522 | (2.40-3.88) | ||
Social class
| ||||||
Disadventaged-M | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Most favored_NM | 1.81 | (1.33-2.45) | 3.13 | (2.41-4.06) | ||
Educational level
| ||||||
<Secondary | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
≥Secondary | 1.972 | (1.49-2.60) | 3.73 | (2.93-4.75) | ||
Age Group
| ||||||
>65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
46-65 | 2.82 | (1.75-4.56) | <0.001 | 3.87 | (2.36-6.36) | <0.001 |
36-45 | 7.08 | (4.06-12.32) | <0.001 | 20.10 | (11.57-34.95) | <0.001 |
18-35 | 7.59 | (4.12-13.98) | <0.001 | 46.13 | (25.59-83.16) | <0.001 |
Fagerström test
| ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Medium | 1.62 | (1.01-2.63) | 0.177 | 2.19 | (1.44-3.35) | <0.001 |
Low | 1.38 | (0.86-2.21) | 0.047 | 2.18 | (1.44-3.30) | <0.001 |
ADJUSTED OR*
| ||||||
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Female | 1.8926 | (1.40-2.57) | 2.5186 | (1.88-3.34) | ||
Social class
| ||||||
Disadventaged-M | 1.00 | 0.122 | 1.00 | 0.001 | ||
Most favored_NM | 1.33 | (0.93-1.91) | 1.79 | (1.28-2.50) | ||
Educational level
| ||||||
<Secondary | 1.00 | 0.017 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
≥Secondary | 1.502 | (1.07-2.10) | 2.31 | (1.69-3.16) | ||
Age Group
| ||||||
>65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
46-65 | 2.65 | (1.56-4.49) | <0.001 | 3.11 | (1.79-5.37) | <0.001 |
36-45 | 7.14 | (3.88-13.13) | <0.001 | 16.2 | (8.76-29.80) | <0.001 |
18-35 | 7.04 | (3.65-13.56) | <0.001 | 33.8 | (17.87-64.12) | <0.001 |
Fagerström test
| ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Medium | 1.41 | (0.84-2.36) | 0.432 | 1.29 | (0.79-2.13) | 0.307 |
Low | 1.28 | (0.73-2.05) | 0.196 | 1.473 | (0.89-2.43) | 0.132 |
Use of web pages | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low frequency of use
|
Mid/high frequency of use
| |||||
OR1 | (95% CI) | P-value | OR2 | (95% CI) | P-value | |
CRUDE OR
| ||||||
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 1.00 | 0.007 | 1.00 | 0.001 | ||
Female | 1.51 | (1.12-2.04) | 1.432 | (1.15-1.78) | ||
Social class
| ||||||
Disadventaged-M | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Most favored_NM | 2.10 | (1.47-3.00) | 5.50 | (4.19-7.23) | ||
Educational level
| ||||||
<Secondary | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
≥Secondary | 3.84 | (2.79-5.29) | 7.17 | (5.58-9.22) | ||
Age Group
| ||||||
>65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
46-65 | 6.145 | (2.90-12.95) | <0.001 | 5.21 | (3.21-8.46) | <0.001 |
36-45 | 14.67 | (6.64-32.44) | <0.001 | 20.3 | (11.95-34.65) | <0.001 |
18-35 | 31.0 | (13.17-73.28) | <0.001 | 73.1 | (28.39-94.71) | <0.001 |
Fagerström test
| ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Medium | 2.196 | (1.22-3.92) | 0.009 | 2.25 | (1.53-3.31) | <0.001 |
Low | 2.02 | (1.13-3.61) | 0.017 | 1.974 | (1.33-2.93) | 0.001 |
ADJUSTED OR*
| ||||||
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 1.00 | 0.990 | 1.00 | 0.048 | ||
Female | 1.01 | (0.71-1.41) | 0.74 | (0.55-0.99) | ||
Social class
| ||||||
Disadventaged-M | 1.00 | 0.148 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
Most favored_NM | 1.36 | (0.90-2.07) | 3.42 | (2.42-4.84) | ||
Educational level
| ||||||
<Secondary | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 | ||
≥Secondary | 3.42 | (2.36-4.97) | 4.51 | (3.29-6.20) | ||
Age Group
| ||||||
>65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
46-65 | 5.47 | (2.52-11.88) | <0.001 | 5.54 | (3.16-9.72) | <0.001 |
36-45 | 12.8 | (5.6-29.4) | <0.001 | 23.5 | (12.6-43.7) | <0.001 |
18-35 | 27.0 | (11.0-66.2) | <0.001 | 84,4 | (42.2-169.2) | <0.001 |
Fagerström test
| ||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Medium | 1.873 | (0.99-3.51) | 0.051 | 1.51 | (0.96-2.51) | 0.083 |
Low | 1.76 | (0.94-3.30) | 0.077 | 1.42 | (0.87-2.32) | 0.161 |