Background
No | Botanical names | Family | Vernacular name | Part used | Traditional uses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand | Apocynaceae | Ushar | Leaves | |
2 |
Arestolochia bracteolate Lam. | Aristochiaceae | Um- Galagel | Whole plant | |
3 |
Xanthium brasilicum Vell. | Asteraceae | Ramtouk | Leaves | |
4 |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile | Gharib elwadi | Leaves | Fever, gastro-intestinal disease “GID” [53]. | |
5 |
Adanosonia digitata L. | Bombacaceae | Tabaldi | Fruit pulp | The fruits are used as a cold beverage, added to yoghurt for treatment of diarrhea and amoebic dysentery [54]. |
6 |
Terminalia laxiflora Engl. | Combretaceae | Darut | Wood | |
7 |
Terminalia brownii Fresen | Sobagh, Shaff | Wood, bark | ||
8 |
Combretum hartmannianum (Schweinf) | Habil | Wood, bark | ||
9 |
Ambrosia maritima L.
| Compositae | Damsisa | Aerial part | The herbs are used in treatment of urinary tract infections and elimination of kidney stones, whereas the leaves are used as anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive [57]. |
10 |
Euphorbia hirta L. | Euphorbiaceae | Um libina | Aerial part | Decoction of plant is use in asthma and bronchitis [58]. |
11 |
Ricinus communis L. | Khirwe | Leaves | ||
12 |
Acacia seyal var. fistula (Schweinf.) | Leguminosae | Sfar abide | Wood, bark | Fumigation, rheumatic pain [61]. |
13 |
Acacia seyal var. seyal Del. | Talih | Wood, bark | Anti-rheumatic, mouth detergent [62]. | |
14 |
Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne | Seyyal | Wood, bark | Treat skin infection, allergic dermatomes [63]. | |
15 |
Cassia acutifolia Delile | Senna makka | Leaves | ||
16 |
Parkinsonia aculeata L. | Sesaban | Leaves | Antipyretic, anti- diabetics [63]. | |
17 |
Senna italica Mill. | Sin elkalb | Leaves | Intestinal complications, haemomorphoids, circulatory system problems, calculi in the urinary system, sexually transmitted diseases [65]. | |
18 |
Khaya senegalensis (Desv) A. Juss | Meliaceae | Mahogany | Bark | Anti-malarial, against hepatic inflammation, sinusitis, skin diseases, GID, trachoma [48]. |
19 |
Polygonum glabrum Willd | Polygonaceae | Altomsahia | Leaves | Anthelminthic, antimalarial [66]. |
20 |
Argemone mexicana L. | Papaveraceae | Argemone | Leaves, seed | Venereal diseases [52]. |
21 |
Solanum dubium Fresen | Solanaceae | Gibben | Fruits | The whole plant and fruits are pulped and applied to wounds and skin tumors as a dressing [67]. |
22 |
Salvadora persica L. | Salvadoraceae | Alarak | Leaves, stem | |
23 |
Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.)Bunge | Tamaricaceae | Tarft al nil | Stem | Febrile, colds [69]. |
24 |
Tribulus terrestri L. | Zygophyllaceae | Derresia | Aerial part | Demulcent, renal nephritis [47]. |
Methods
Plant materials
Preparation of plant extracts
Fractionation, purification and isolation of Combretum hartmannianum bark
Position | Flavogallonic acid dilactone | Terchebulin | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1H (ppm) JH,H (Hz) |
1H (ppm) [16] |
13C (ppm) |
13C (ppm) [16] |
1H (ppm) JH,H (Hz) |
1H (ppm) [17] |
13C (ppm) |
13C (ppm)[17] | ||
113.0 | |||||||||
A | 125.1 | ||||||||
1 | 108.1 | 107.3 | B | 123.5 | |||||
C | 123.5 | ||||||||
D | 122.2 | ||||||||
114.0 | |||||||||
A | 6.56 (s, H) | 6.63 (s, H) | 106.8 | ||||||
2 | 135.7 | 135.2 | B | 113.0 | |||||
C | 6.79 (s, H) | 6.80 (s, H) | 108.5 | ||||||
D | 141.7 | ||||||||
138.4 | |||||||||
A | 144.5 | ||||||||
3 | 136.3 | 136.2 | B | 143.4 | |||||
C | 144.6 | ||||||||
D | 139.1 | ||||||||
150.3 | |||||||||
A | 136.1 | ||||||||
4 | 136.5 | 136.7 | B | 135.9 | |||||
C | 137.5 | ||||||||
D | 137.6 | ||||||||
113.0 | |||||||||
A | 143.4 | ||||||||
5 | 7.26 (s) | 7.11(s) | 112.8 | 111.3 | B | 7.48 (s, H) | 7.58 (s, H) | 144.5 | |
D | 144.6 | ||||||||
C | 143.6 | ||||||||
114.0 | |||||||||
A | 112.0 | ||||||||
6 | 110.1 | 109.5 | B | 6.37 (s, H) | 6.37 (s, H) | 106.4 | |||
C | 116.0 | ||||||||
D | 6.42 (s, H) | 6.39 (s, H) | 106.5 | ||||||
159.5 | 160.3 | ||||||||
7 | A | 168.9 | 169.9 | ||||||
158.9 | 157.1 | B | 169.5 | 169.1 | |||||
C | 167.0 | 167.6 | |||||||
D | 166.9 | 166.8 | |||||||
1’ | 108.1 | 107.3 | 112.0 | ||||||
2’ | 137.8 | 137.8 | 114.0 | ||||||
3’ | 139.2 | 138.9 | 140.7 | ||||||
4’ | 143.2 | 143.1 | 147.4 | ||||||
5’ | 117.5 | 117.6 | 113.0 | ||||||
6’ | 114.4 | 109.9 | 114.0 | ||||||
7’ | 160.4 | 158.9 | 158.3 | 157.9 | |||||
1” | 124.9 | 125.8 | 5.23 (d, J = 2.8 Hz) | 5.32 (d, J = 4 Hz) | 90.2 | 90.8 | |||
2” | 120.2 | 120.0 | 4.98 (dd, J = 3.5, 9.7 Hz) | 4.88 (dd, J = 3.9 Hz) | 74.2 | 75.1 | |||
3” | 144.1 | 143.1 | 5.64 (t, J = 9.6 Hz) | 5.59 (t, J = 8 Hz) | 74.1 | 74.6 | |||
4” | 145.9 | 145.8 | 4.78 (t, J = 11.0 Hz) | 68.5 | 70.1 | ||||
5” | 147.8 | 147.5 | 4.21 (t, J = 10.3 Hz) | 69.0 | 69.6 | ||||
6” | 7.50 (s) | 7.49(s) | 113.3 | 112.5 | 3.04 (t, J = 11.6 Hz) 4.48 (t, J = 8.9 Hz) | 3.10 (d, J = 12 Hz) | 63.4 | 64.4 | |
7” | 168.9 | 167.1 | - | - | - | - |
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Measurement of collagenase activity
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Evaluation of MIC activity of plant extracts against P.gingivalis
Botanicals name | Examined part | Voucher specimen | MIC mg/ml | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MeOH | 50% EtOH | |||
A. bracteolate Lam. | Whole plant | SD-SH-04 | 2 | 1 |
A. digitata L. | Fruit pulp | SD-OD-27 | 2 | 4 |
A. maritima L.
| Aerial part | SD-SH-03 | 0.5 | 2 |
A. mexicana L. | Leaves | SD-KH-39 | - | - a
|
Seed | 0.5 | 2 | ||
A. tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne | Bark | SD-KH-07 | 0.5 | 4 |
Wood | - | 4 | ||
A.seyal var. fistula (Schweinf.) | Bark | SD-GF-06 | 1 | 4 |
Wood | - | - | ||
A.seyal var. seyal Del. | Bark | SD-GF-05 | 1 | 2 |
Wood | - | - | ||
C. hartmannianum (Schweinf) | Bark | SD-KH-04 | 0.5 | 1 |
Wood | 1 | - | ||
C. procera (Aiton) Dryand | Leaves | SD-SH-11 | 2 | 4 |
C.acutifolia Delile | Leaves | SD-SH-24 | 1 | 1 |
E. hirta L. | Aerial part | SD-SH-37 | 2 | 4 |
K. senegalensis (Desv) A. Juss | Bark | SD-SH-14 | 1 | 2 |
P. aculeata L. | Leaves | SD-SH-02 | 1 | 4 |
P. glabrum Willd | Leaves | SD-SH-A-03 | 1 | - |
R. communis L. | Leaves | SD-SH-36 | 1 | 4 |
S. dubium Fresen | Fruits | SD-SH-34 | - | 2 |
S. italica Mill. | Leaves | SD-SH-25 | 2 | 2 |
S. persica L. | Stem | SD-SH-09 | 1 | 4 |
Leaves | - | - | ||
T. brownii Fresen | Bark | SD-GF-02 | 1 | 0.5 |
Wood | 0.5 | 2 | ||
T. laxiflora Engl. | Wood | 0.25 | 2 | |
T. nilotica (Ehrenb.)Bunge | Stem | SD-OD-10 | 2 | 4 |
T. terrestri L. | Aerial part | SD-SH-33 | 1 | 1 |
V. amygdalina Delile | Leaves | SD-KH-19 | 1 | 2 |
X. brasilicum Vell. | Leaves | SD-SH-12 | 2 | 2 |
Inhibitory activities of selected methanolic plants extracts against MMP-9
Inhibitory activities of compounds isolated from C. hartmannianium bark against P. gingivalis and MMP-9
Compounds | MIC (μg/ml) | *IC50 against MMP-9 (μM) |
---|---|---|
Terchebulin | 500 | 6.7 ± 1.5a
|
Flavogallonic acid dilacton | 1000 | 36.1 ± 7.5b
|