Background
Methods
Study participants
Exposure data
Q1. | In your 20s, did you ever consume beer or hard cider (at least 3% alcohol) at least once a week for 6 months or longer? • yes • no • don't know |
Q1a. | For how many years? ___ years consumed |
Q1b. | During those years, how much did you typically consume? ___ number of 12 ounce cans or bottles • per day • per week • don't know |
Q2. | In your 20s, did you ever consume wine at least once a week for 6 months or longer? • yes • no • don't know |
Q2a. | For how many years? ___ years consumed |
Q2b. | During those years, how much did you typically consume? ___ number of 4 ounce glasses of wine • per day • per week • don't know |
Q3. | In your 20s, did you ever consume sake, sherry, or port at least once a week for 6 months or longer? • yes • no • don't know |
Q3a. | For how many years? ___ years consumed |
Q3b. | During those years, how much did you typically consume? ___ number of 1 ounce servings • per day • per week • don't know |
Q4. | In your 20s, did you ever consume spirits, liquor mixed drinks, brandy, or liqueurs at least once a week for 6 months or longer? • yes • no • don't know |
Q4a. | For how many years? ___ years consumed |
Q4b. | During those years, how much did you typically consume? ___ number of 1 ounce shots of liquor or spirits • per day • per week • don't know |
Q5. | When you were in your 20s, how many years in total did you consume at least one alcoholic beverage (of any type) a week? ___ years consumed • never consumed alcohol |
Q6. | On average, how many alcoholic beverages a week did you consume during those years? That is, how many 4 ounce glasses of wine or 12 ounce cans or bottles of beer or hard cider, or 1 ounce servings of sake, sherry, port, or spirits, mixed drinks and cocktails. ___ number of alcoholic beverages a week • never consumed alcohol |
Statistical analyses
Ethical Considerations
Results
Characteristics of cases and controls
Demographics | Case | Control | Case Drinkersb
| Control Drinkers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | %a
| N | %a
| N | % (95% CI) | N | % (95% CI) | |
Age group | ||||||||
20-54 | 186 | 26.5 | 185 | 25.8 | 126 | 67.7 (± 6.7) | 131 | 70.8 (± 6.5) |
55-64 | 242 | 34.5 | 264 | 36.8 | 154 | 63.6 (± 6.0) | 174 | 65.9 (± 5.7) |
65-74 | 274 | 39.0 | 268 | 37.4 | 152 | 55.5 (± 5.9) | 148 | 55.2 (± 5.9) |
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 276 | 39.3 | 293 | 40.9 | 97 | 35.1 (± 5.6) | 114 | 38.9 (± 5.6) |
Male | 426 | 60.7 | 424 | 59.1 | 335 | 78.6 (± 3.9) | 339 | 80.0 (± 3.9) |
Region | * | |||||||
Urban | 302 | 43.0 | 353 | 49.2 | 196 | 64.9 (± 5.4) | 237 | 67.1 (± 4.9) |
Rural | 400 | 57.0 | 364 | 50.8 | 236 | 59.0 (± 4.8) | 216 | 59.3 (± 5.0) |
Education | *** | |||||||
High school or less | 446 | 63.53 | 349 | 48.68 | 251 | 56.2 (± 4.5) | 201 | 57.6 (± 5.2) |
College+ | 256 | 36.47 | 368 | 51.32 | 181 | 70.7 (± 5.6) | 252 | 68.5 (± 4.8) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married | 540 | 76.92 | 579 | 80.75 | 364 | 64.9 (± 4.9) | 382 | 65.9 (± 3.8) |
Single/div./sep./wid. | 162 | 23.08 | 138 | 19.25 | 86 | 53.1 (± 7.7) | 71 | 51.4 (± 8.3) |
Family history of CRC | *** | |||||||
No | 540 | 76.92 | 614 | 85.63 | 342 | 63.3 (± 4.1) | 394 | 64.1 (± 3.8) |
Yes | 162 | 23.08 | 103 | 14.37 | 90 | 55.5 (± 7.7) | 59 | 57.2 (± 9.5) |
Diabetes | *** | |||||||
No | 555 | 79.06 | 623 | 86.89 | 97 | 35.1 (± 5.6) | 114 | 38.9 (± 5.6) |
Yes | 147 | 20.94 | 94 | 13.11 | 335 | 78.6 (± 3.9) | 339 | 80.0 (± 3.9) |
Any laxatives use | *** | |||||||
No | 573 | 81.62 | 657 | 91.63 | 97 | 35.1 (± 5.6) | 114 | 38.9 (± 5.6) |
Yes | 129 | 18.38 | 60 | 8.37 | 335 | 78.6 (± 3.9) | 339 | 80.0 (± 3.9) |
Obesity | * | |||||||
No (BMI < 30) | 503 | 71.7 | 556 | 77.5 | 295 | 58.6 (± 4.3) | 359 | 64.6 (± 4.0) |
Yes (BMI ≥ 30) | 199 | 28.4 | 161 | 22.5 | 137 | 68.6 (± 6.2) | 94 | 58.4 (± 7.6) |
Cigarette smoking | *** | |||||||
No | 201 | 28.6 | 170 | 37.7 | 70 | 34.9 (± 6.7) | 127 | 47.0 (± 5.9) |
Yes | 501 | 71.4 | 447 | 62.3 | 362 | 72.3 (± 4.0) | 326 | 72.9 (± 4.1) |
Cholesterol level | ** | |||||||
Low | 494 | 70.4 | 451 | 62.9 | 303 | 61.3 (± 4.3) | 286 | 63.4 (± 4.4) |
High | 208 | 29.6 | 266 | 37.1 | 129 | 62.0 (± 6.6) | 167 | 62.8 (± 5.8) |
Aspirin | * | |||||||
No | 522 | 74.4 | 492 | 68.6 | 306 | 58.6 (± 4.2) | 306 | 62.2 (± 4.3) |
Yes | 180 | 25.6 | 225 | 31.4 | 126 | 70.0 (± 6.7) | 147 | 65.3 (± 6.2) |
Fruits daily | *** | |||||||
≤ 2 servings | 519 | 73.9 | 471 | 65.7 | 312 | 60.1 (± 4.2) | 295 | 62.6 (± 4.3) |
3+ servings | 183 | 26.1 | 246 | 34.3 | 120 | 65.6 (± 6.9) | 158 | 64.0 (± 7.8) |
Calcium pills/tablets | *** | |||||||
No | 608 | 86.6 | 568 | 79.2 | 386 | 63.5 (± 4.8) | 383 | 67.4 (± 3.8) |
Yes | 94 | 13.4 | 149 | 21.8 | 46 | 48.9 (± 10.1) | 70 | 47.0 (± 8.0) |
Total | 702 | 100.0 | 717 | 100.0 | 432 | 61.5 (± 3.6) | 453 | 63.2 (± 3.6) |
Colorectal cancer risk and alcohol intake
Alcoholic drink | Control (N = 717) | Colon Cancer | Rectal Cancer | Colorectal Cancer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 470 | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | N = 232 | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | N = 702 | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | ||
Alcohol | ** | |||||||||
Non-drinkerc
| 264 | 189 | 1.0 | 81 | 1.0 | 270 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Drinkerc
| 453 | 281 | 0.9 0.7-1.1 | 1.0 0.7-1.4 | 151 | 1.1 0.8-1.5 | 0.9 0.6-1.3 | 432 | 0.9 0.7-1.2 | 1.0 0.7-1.3 |
Types of drinks | ** | |||||||||
1-2 | 339 | 213 | 0.9 0.7-1.1 | 1.0 0.7-1.3 | 122 | 1.2 0.9-1.6 | 0.9 0.6-1.4 | 335 | 1.0 0.8-1.2 | 1.0 0.7-1.3 |
3+ | 114 | 68 | 0.8 0.6-1.2 | 1.0 0.7-1.6 | 29 | 0.8 0.5-1.3 | 0.7 0.4-1.3 | 97 | 0.8 0.6-1.2 | 0.9 0.6-1.4 |
# of drink years | ||||||||||
1-19 | 111 | 58 | 0.7 0.5-1.1 | 0.8 0.6-1.3 | 20 | 0.6 0.3-1.0 | 0.5 0.3-0.9* | 80 | 0.7 0.5-0.9* | 0.7 0.5-1.0 |
20-39 | 246 | 154 | 0.9 0.7-1.2 | 1.0 0.7-1.5 | 93 | 1.2 0.9-1.7 | 1.0 0.7-1.6 | 247 | 1.0 0.8-1.3 | 1.0 0.8-1.4 |
40+ | 96 | 69 | 1.0 0.7-1.4 | 1.1 0.7-1.7 | 38 | 1.3 0.8-2.0 | 1.1 0.7-2.0 | 107 | 1.1 0.8-1.5 | 1.1 0.8-1.7 |
# of drinks daily | * | |||||||||
1-2 | 287 | 153 | 0.7 0.6-1.0 | 0.9 0.7-1.2 | 88 | 1.0 0.7-1.4 | 0.9 0.6-1.3 | 241 | 0.8 0.6-1.1 | 0.9 0.7-1.2 |
3-4 | 68 | 41 | 0.8 0.5-1.3 | 0.9 0.6-1.5 | 19 | 0.9 0.5-1.6 | 0.6 0.3-1.2 | 60 | 0.9 0.6-1.3 | 0.8 0.5-1.3 |
5+ | 98 | 87 | 1.2 0.9-1.8 | 1.5 0.9-2.2 | 44 | 1.5 0.9-2.3 | 1.1 0.6-1.8 | 131 | 1.3 0.9-1.8 | 1.3 0.9-1.9 |
Colorectal cancer risk and alcohol intake by sex
Alcoholic drink | Male | Female | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Control | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | Case/Control | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | |||||
Total sample | 426/424 | 276/293 | ||||||||
Alcohol | ||||||||||
Non-drinkerc
| 91/85 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 179/179 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Drinkerc
| 335/339 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 97/114 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.2 | 1.1 | 0.7-1.6 |
Types of drinks | ||||||||||
1-2 | 248244 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.3 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.3 | 87/95 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.9 |
3+ | 87/95 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 10/19 | 0.5 | 0.2-1.2 | 0.7 | 0.3-1.8 |
# of drinking years | ||||||||||
1-19 | 44/58 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.2 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.2 | 34/53 | 0.6 | 0.4-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.4 |
20-39 | 192/193 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.3 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.3 | 55/53 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.5 |
40+ | 99/88 | 0.7 | 0.7-1.6 | 1.0 | 0.6-1.6 | 8/8 | 1.0 | 0.4-2.7 | 1.4 | 0.5-4.4 |
# of drinks daily | ||||||||||
1-2 | 167/191 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.2 | 74/96 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.1 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.6 |
3-4 | 51/57 | 0.8 | 0.5-1.4 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.2 | 9/11 | 0.8 | 0.3-2.0 | 1.0 | 0.4-2.8 |
5+ | 117/91 | 1.2 | 0.8-1.8 | 1.1 | 0.7-1.8 | 14/7 | 2.0 | 0.8-5.1 | 1.8 | 0.7-5.0 |
Colorectal cancer risk and alcohol intake by obesity status
Alcoholic drink | Not Obese (BMI < 30) | Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Control | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | Case/Control | ORa & 95% CI | ORb & 95% CI | |||||
Total sample | 503/556 | 199/161 | ||||||||
Alcohol | * | * | ||||||||
Non-drinkerc
| 208/197 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 62/67 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Drinkerc
| 295/359 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 137/94 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.4 * | 2.2 | 1.2-4.0 * |
Types of drinks | ** | |||||||||
1-2 | 233/262 | 0.8 | 0.7-1.1 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 102/77 | 1.4 | 0.9-2.3 | 2.0 | 1.1-3.8 * |
3+ | 62/97 | 0.6 | 0.4-0.9 *** | 0.7 | 0.4-1.1 | 35/17 | 2.2 | 1.1-4.4 ** | 3.4 | 1.4-8.1 ** |
# of drinking years | * | |||||||||
1-19 | 53/82 | 0.6 | 0.4-0.9 * | 0.6 | 0.4-0.9 ** | 25/29 | 0.9 | 0.5-1.8 | 1.6 | 0.7-3.7 |
20-39 | 166/197 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.2 | 81/49 | 1.8 | 1.1-2.9 * | 2.5 | 1.3-5.0 * |
40+ | 76/80 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6-1.4 | 31/16 | 2.1 | 1.0-4.2 * | 2.6 | 1.1-6.5 * |
P-trend
| ns | ns | * | |||||||
# of drinks daily | * | |||||||||
1-2 | 167/232 | 0.7 | 0.5-0.9 * | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 * | 74/55 | 1.5 | 0.9-2.4 | 2.3 | 1.2-4.3 * |
3-4 | 36/47 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.2 | 0.7 | 0.4-1.2 | 24/21 | 1.2 | 0.6-2.4 | 1.3 | 0.5-3.2 |
5+ | 92/80 | 1.1 | 0.8-1.6 | 1.0 | 0.7-1.6 | 39/18 | 2.3 | 1.2-4.5 * | 3.7 | 1.5-9.0 * |
P-trend
| ns | ns | * |