Background
Methods
Participants
NZ European | NZ Polynesian | ARIC | FHS | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Gout | Control | Gout | NU | HU | NU | HU | |
Number | 374 | 665 | 916 | 837 | 3443 | 690 | 2364 | 395 |
Male sex, n (%) | 252 (67.4) | 541 (81.3) | 409 (44.8) | 695 (83.0) | 1255 (36.4) | 581 (84.2) | 878 (37.1) | 376 (95.19) |
Age, years | 53.15 ± 17.02 | 63.13 ± 13.39 | 42.97 ± 15.08 | 51.75 ± 13.01 | 53.23 ± 5.49 | 53.49 ± 5.61 | 39.44 ± 8.72 | 39.38 ± 8.26 |
BMI, kg/m2
| 27.58 ± 6.11 (98.4)a
| 30.36 ± 5.56 (98.2) | 33.03 ± 7.53 (98.4) | 36.38 ± 8.25 (97.5) | 25.41 ± 4.05 (100) | 28.34 ± 4.16 (100) | 25.71 ± 4.92 (100) | 29.56 ± 4.80 (100) |
Serum urate, mmol/L | 0.335 ± 0.102 (93.6) | 0.388 ± 0.113 (69.0) | 0.375 ± 0.088 (83.2) | 0.433 ± 0.115 (82.8) | 0.305 ± 0.058 (100) | 0.449 ± 0.041 (100) | 0.281 ± 0.065 (100) | 0.450 ± 0.040 (100) |
Number of alcohol consumers, n (%) | 277 (74.1) | 463 (69.62) | 373 (40.7) | 365 (43.6) | 1568 (45.5) | 394 (57.1) | 1881 (79.6) | 328 (83.0) |
Alcohol consumption, g/week | 75.48 ± 96.36 (100) | 80.77 ± 110.96 (100) | 42.61 ± 91.41 (100) | 54.91 ± 121.23 (100) | 21.42 ± 42.94 (100) | 36.56 ± 60.63 (100) | 59.66 ± 79.27 (100) | 99.35 ± 110.71 (100) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.74 ± 1.00 (93.3) | 2.23 ± 1.47 (69.0) | 2.02 ± 1.29 (83.2) | 2.42 ± 1.67 (82.8) | 1.26 ± 0.75 (99.9) | 1.87 ± 1.07 (100) | 2.58 ± 1.64 (100) | 4.34 ± 3.82 (100) |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2
| 74.77 ± 16.85 (93.3) | 62.41 ± 19.86 (68.1) | 75.96 ± 16.73 (82.7) | 64.37 ± 21.17 (81.6) | 66.74 ± 9.65 (100) | 65.83 ± 9.11 (100) | 96.40 ± 16.94 (100) | 93.89 ± 16.91 (100) |
Data Collection
Genotyping
Statistical analysis
Power calculation
Results
Interaction analysis for the risk of gout risk
SNP (% genotype data)a
| Gene value | Effect allele | NZ European (n = 1039) | NZ Polynesian (n = 1753) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interaction term (SE) |
P value | Interaction term (SE) |
P value | |||
Alcohol intake as a continuous variable (per 50 g/week) | ||||||
rs10821905 (99.2) |
A1CF
| A | 0.85 (0.07) | 0.026 | 1.09 (0.08) | 0.28 |
rs2231142 (99.7) |
ABCG2
| T | 0.99 (0.07) | 0.89 | 0.92 (0.05) | 0.19 |
rs7976059 (98.9) |
ACVR1B/ACVRL1
| T | 0.95 (0.07) | 0.44 | 0.94 (0.07) | 0.33 |
rs653178 (99.3) |
ATXN2
| G | 1.11 (0.07) | 0.15 | 1.07 (0.09) | 0.44 |
rs11983997 (97.8) |
MLXIPL/BAZ1B
| G | 0.60 (0.22) | 0.022 | – | – |
rs780094 (98.9) |
GCKR
| T | 0.76 (0.08) | 4.8 × 10−4
| 0.95 (0.06) | 0.33 |
rs7224610 (99.2) |
HLF
| C | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.68 | 1.04 (0.06) | 0.59 |
rs2941484 (98.9) |
HNF4G
| T | 0.98 (0.07) | 0.78 | 1.03 (0.06) | 0.64 |
rs6598541 (99.0) |
IGF1R
| A | 0.92 (0.08) | 0.31 | 1.08 (0.16) | 0.61 |
rs17050272 (99.0) |
INHBB
| A | 0.99 (0.07) | 0.96 | 0.98 (0.09) | 0.78 |
rs1106766 (98.5) |
INHBC
| C | 0.90 (0.48) | 0.83 | 1.04 (0.17) | 0.84 |
rs7188445 (98.8) |
MAF
| G | 1.14 (0.14) | 0.33 | 0.99 (0.08) | 0.98 |
rs7193778 (98.8) |
NFAT5
| C | 0.92 (0.08) | 0.30 | 1.12 (0.07) | 0.12 |
rs1394125 (98.6) |
UBE2Q2
| A | 1.13 (0.07) | 0.086 | 0.77 (0.12) | 0.024 |
rs1967017 (99.0) |
PDZK1
| T | 0.98 (0.08) | 0.85 | 1.01 (0.10) | 0.90 |
rs10480300 (98.0) |
PRKAG2
| T | 0.95 (0.07) | 0.45 | 1.17 (0.11) | 0.16 |
rs675209 (99.2) |
RREB1
| T | 0.83 (0.07) | 0.007 | 1.08 (0.15) | 0.61 |
rs6770152 (98.8) |
SFMBT1
| G | 0.98 (0.07) | 0.81 | 0.97 (0.07) | 0.72 |
rs1183201 (99.5) |
SLC17A1
| T | 0.96 (0.10) | 0.73 | 1.01 (0.10) | 0.91 |
rs2078267 (99.7) |
SLC22A11
| G | 0.98 (0.08) | 0.86 | 1.00 (0.22) | 1.00 |
rs3825018 (99.7) |
SLC22A12
| G | 0.89 (0.06) | 0.11 | 1.05 (0.11) | 0.67 |
rs12356193 (98.3) |
SLC16A9
| A | 1.07 (0.29) | 0.81 | – | – |
rs11942223 (99.9) |
SLC2A9
| T | 0.96 (0.21) | 0.85 | 0.52 (2.74) | 0.81 |
rs17786744 (99.0) |
STC1
| G | 1.08 (0.07) | 0.29 | 1.11 (0.06) | 0.055 |
rs7953704 (99.2) |
B3GNT4
| G | 0.99 (0.09) | 0.90 | 1.04 (0.07) | 0.52 |
rs17632159 (98.6) |
TMEM171
| G | 1.25 (0.14) | 0.10 | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.16 |
rs11264341 (99.1) |
TRIM46
| C | 1.01 (0.09) | 0.95 | 1.03 (0.06) | 0.63 |
rs729761 (99.1) |
VEGFA
| G | 1.11 (0.14) | 0.46 | 0.99 (0.10) | 0.98 |
rs2544390 (79.4) |
LRP2
| T | 0.92 (0.09) | 0.34 | 0.72 (0.11) | 0.004 |
Alcohol intake as a categorical variable (none vs. any intake) | ||||||
rs10821905 (99.2) |
A1CF
| A | 0.29 (0.10) 0.28 (0.10)b
0.29 (0.11)c
| 1.4 × 10−4
6.3 × 10−4
1.0 × 10−3
| 1.27 (0.36) | 0.40 |
rs2231142 (99.7) |
ABCG2
| T | 1.05 (0.38) | 0.88 | 0.91 (0.23) | 0.71 |
rs7976059 (98.9) |
ACVR1B/ACVRL1
| T | 0.75 (0.24) | 0.38 | 0.72 (0.19) | 0.22 |
rs653178 (99.3) |
ATXN2
| G | 1.90 (0.70) | 0.082 | 0.91 (0.79) | 0.79 |
rs11983997 (97.8) |
MLXIPL/BAZ1B
| G | 0.19 (0.19) | 0.093 | – | – |
rs780094 (98.9) |
GCKR
| T | 0.28 (0.09) 0.22 (0.08)b
0.23 (0.09)c
| 1.5 × 10−4
5.8 × 10−58.5 × 10−5
| 0.62 (0.15) 0.54 (0.14) 0.53 (0.14) | 0.05 0.02 0.02 |
rs7224610 (99.2) |
HLF
| C | 0.77 (0.25) | 0.43 | 1.26 (0.34) | 0.38 |
rs2941484 (98.9) |
HNF4G
| T | 1.79 (0.62) | 0.092 | 1.36 (0.21) | 0.21 |
rs6598541 (99.0) |
IGF1R
| A | 1.21 (0.40) | 0.57 | 1.32 (0.84) | 0.66 |
rs17050272 (99.0) |
INHBB
| A | 0.49 (0.16) | 0.033 | 1.32 (0.46) | 0.43 |
rs1106766 (98.5) |
INHBC
| C | 0.52 (0.36) | 0.35 | 1.54 (0.86) | 0.86 |
rs7188445 (98.8) |
MAF
| G | 1.92 (1.07) | 0.24 | 0.98 (0.32) | 0.95 |
rs7193778 (98.8) |
NFAT5
| C | 0.63 (0.23) | 0.20 | 1.11 (0.31) | 0.70 |
rs1394125 (98.6) |
UBE2Q2
| A | 2.38 (0.79) | 0.009 | 0.63 (0.22) | 0.18 |
rs1967017 (99.0) |
PDZK1
| T | 0.83 (0.30) | 0.60 | 1.26 (0.48) | 0.54 |
rs10480300 (98.0) |
PRKAG2
| T | 1.07 (0.34) | 0.83 | 1.01 (0.42) | 0.97 |
rs675209 (99.2) |
RREB1
| T | 0.68 (0.22) | 0.23 | 1.33 (0.75) | 0.61 |
rs6770152 (98.8) |
SFMBT1
| G | 1.26 (0.44) | 0.51 | 1.07 (0.32) | 0.82 |
rs1183201 (99.5) |
SLC17A1
| T | 0.53 (0.22) | 0.12 | 1.80 (0.83) | 0.20 |
rs2078267 (99.7) |
SLC22A11
| G | 1.20 (0.42) | 0.60 | 0.60 (0.55) | 0.58 |
rs3825018 (99.7) |
SLC22A12
| G | 1.27 (0.40) | 0.45 | 1.00 (0.41) | 0.99 |
rs12356193 (98.3) |
SLC16A9
| A | 1.03 (0.99) | 0.97 | – | – |
rs11942223 (99.9) |
SLC2A9
| T | 0.83 (0.71) | 0.82 | 1.12 (2.96) | 0.97 |
rs17786744 (99.0) |
STC1
| G | 1.00 (0.34) | 0.99 | 1.72 (0.43) | 0.03 |
rs7953704 (99.2) |
B3GNT4
| G | 1.28 (0.52) | 0.54 | 0.68 (0.24) | 0.27 |
rs17632159 (98.6) |
TMEM171
| G | 1.71 (1.02) | 0.37 | 0.38 (0.16) | 0.022 |
rs11264341 (99.1) |
TRIM46
| C | 1.45 (0.59) | 0.36 | 1.07 (0.27) | 0.80 |
rs729761 (99.1) |
VEGFA
| G | 1.81 (0.97) | 0.26 | 0.99 (0.41) | 0.97 |
rs2544390 (79.4) |
LRP2
| T | 0.86 (0.34) | 0.71 | 0.32 (0.12) | 0.003 |
Interaction analysis for risk of HU
Association analysis in stratified groups
No alcohol intake (n = 297) | Any alcohol intake (n = 734) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value |
P
Difference
| |
A1CF
| |||||
A− | 1 | 1 | 1.47 (0.99–2.16) | 0.054 | |
A+ | 2.21 (1.24–3.93) | 0.007 | 0.93 (0.61–1.43) | 0.76 | 0.011 |
Beer | |||||
A− | 1 | 1 | 1.66 (1.13–2.43) | 0.009 | |
A+ | 1.42 (0.96–2.10) | 0.077 | 0.79 (0.51–1.23) | 0.30 | 0.002 |
Nonbeer | |||||
A− | 1 | 1 | 0.97 (0.68–1.39) | 0.89 | |
A+ | 1.48 (0.92–2.39) | 0.10 | 0.63 (0.42–0.94) | 0.023 | 0.019 |
No alcohol intake (n = 296) | Any alcohol intake (n = 727) | ||||
GCKR
| |||||
T− | 1 | 1 | 2.07 (1.24–3.47) | 0.0050 | |
T+ | 4.13 (2.35–7.26) | 8.65 × 10−7
| 2.39 (1.47–7.26) | 0.00043 | 0.51 |
Beer | |||||
T− | 1 | 1 | 1.57 (0.96–2.55) | 0.071 | |
T+ | 2.04 (1.39–3.00) | 0.0003 | 1.87 (1.22–2.88) | 0.004 | 0.54 |
Nonbeer | |||||
T− | 1 | 1 | 1.62 (1.01–2.59) | 0.046 | |
T+ | 3.56 (2.23–5.68) | 9.82 × 10−8
| 1.57 (1.03–2.40) | 0.037 | 0.77 |
No alcohol intake (n = 1007) | Any alcohol intake (n = 732) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value |
P
Difference
| ||
All | T- | 1 | 1 | 1.73 (1.21–2.46) | 0.002 | |
T+ | 1.92 (1.41–2.62) | 3.18 × 10−5
| 2.07 (1.47–2.92) | 2.91 × 10−5
| 0.25 | |
Beer | T− | 1 | 1 | 1.60 (1.10–2.32) | 0.013 | |
T+ | 1.70 (1.28–2.25) | 2 × 10−4
| 2.17 (1.50–3.13) | 3.79 × 10−5
| 0.13 | |
Nonbeer | T− | 1 | 1 | 1.68 (1.09–2.59) | 0.020 | |
T+ | 1.78 (1.37–2.32) | 1.95 × 10−5
| 1.81 (1.22–2.67) | 0.003 | 0.66 |