Background
Methods
Participants
Study design
HRQoL questionnaires
PCa Survivors | TCa Survivors | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Questionnaire scales |
N
| M | SD | % floor/ ceiling | Cronbach’sα |
N
| M | SD | % floor/ ceiling | Cronbach’s α |
SF-36 | ||||||||||
Physical Functioning | 112 | 73 | 27 | 0.93 | 124 | 92 | 15 | 52c | 0.91 | |
Role-Physical | 113 | 61 | 44 | 50c | 0.91 | 125 | 89 | 26 | 77c | 0.86 |
Bodily Pain | 116 | 68 | 26 | 26c | 0.91 | 126 | 85 | 21 | 56c | 0.93 |
General Health | 116 | 64 | 20 | 0.77 | 125 | 74 | 21 | 0.80 | ||
Vitality | 114 | 64 | 20 | 0.82 | 123 | 66 | 19 | 0.82 | ||
Social Functioning | 116 | 79 | 23 | 38c | 0.86 | 126 | 84 | 22 | 54c | 0.81 |
Role-Emotional | 112 | 74 | 40 | 67c | 0.88 | 126 | 90 | 24 | 80c | 0.68 |
Mental Health | 113 | 75 | 17 | 0.80 | 123 | 79 | 15 | 0.83 | ||
IOCv2 | ||||||||||
Altruism/empathy | 115 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 0.77 | 125 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 0.77 | ||
Health awareness scale | 114 | 3.1 | 0.9 | 0.74 | 125 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 0.71 | ||
Meaning of cancer scalea
| 112 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0.85 | 110 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.82 | ||
Positive self-evaluation | 115 | 3.3 | 0.7 | 0.64 | 126 | 3.5 | 0.8 | 0.69 | ||
Positive Impact Score | 115 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 0.82 | 126 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 0.87 | ||
Appearance concerns | 114 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 25f | 0.73 | 124 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 33f | 0.83 |
Body change concerns | 115 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.81 | 124 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 0.77 | ||
Life interferences | 115 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.75 | 126 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 21f | 0.85 | |
Worry | 115 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.90 | 125 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.90 | ||
Negative Impact Score | 115 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0.93 | 126 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.94 | ||
Employment concernsb
| 132 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.63 | 111 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 23f | 0.74 | |
Relationship/not partnered concerns | 25 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.82 | 24 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 25f | 0.85 | |
Relationship/partnered concerns | 92 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 22f | 0.52 | 102 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 39f | 0.62 |
QLQ-C30 | ||||||||||
Global health status/QoL | 112 | 69 | 20 | 0.96 | 124 | 79 | 19 | 22c | 0.92 | |
Physical Function | 113 | 84 | 18 | 30c | 0.83 | 126 | 95 | 12 | 68c | 0.82 |
Role Function | 114 | 85 | 24 | 61c | 0.90 | 126 | 94 | 17 | 84c | 0.93 |
Emotional Function | 113 | 85 | 18 | 40c | 0.84 | 124 | 86 | 17 | 39c | 0.84 |
Cognitive Function | 114 | 83 | 21 | 44c | 0.73 | 124 | 91 | 16 | 66c | 0.61 |
Social Function | 114 | 88 | 20 | 61c | 0.78 | 124 | 94 | 16 | 82c | 0.86 |
Fatigue | 114 | 22 | 21 | 28f | 0.84 | 126 | 21 | 21 | 33f | 0.85 |
Nausea/vomitingc
| 114 | 1 | 5 | 91f | −0.04 | 126 | 2 | 6 | 87f | – |
Pain | 114 | 18 | 25 | 53f | 0.89 | 126 | 12 | 20 | 63f | 0.85 |
Dyspnoead
| 114 | 15 | 22 | 63f | – | 125 | 9 | 18 | 75f | – |
Insomniad
| 113 | 18 | 29 | 65f | – | 126 | 13 | 22 | 68f | – |
Appetite lossd
| 113 | 5 | 17 | 91f | – | 126 | 4 | 14 | 89f | – |
Constipationd
| 114 | 11 | 21 | 75f | – | 120 | 5 | 14 | 87f | – |
Diarrhoead
| 113 | 7 | 18 | 83f | – | 124 | 6 | 17 | 85f | – |
Financial problemsd
| 114 | 5 | 18 | 90f | – | 123 | 8 | 21 | 86f | – |
QLQ-PR25 | ||||||||||
Sexual activity | 112 | 26 | 25 | 32 f | 0.67 | – | – | – | – | – |
Sexual functioning | 43 | 51 | 20 | 0.41 | – | – | – | – | – | |
Urinary problems | 115 | 22 | 20 | 0.89 | – | – | – | – | – | |
Incontinence aid problemsd
| 49 | 29 | 34 | 49 f | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Bowel problems | 108 | 8 | 14 | 52 f | 0.79 | – | – | – | – | – |
Treatment related symptoms | 112 | 13 | 12 | 0.45 | – | – | – | – | – | |
QLQ-TC26 | ||||||||||
Satisfaction with care | – | – | – | – | – | 111 | 80 | 28 | 52c | 0.85 |
Future perspective | – | – | – | – | – | 125 | 77 | 24 | 36c | 0.56 |
Communication | – | – | – | – | – | 125 | 76 | 25 | 34c | 0.53 |
Sexual activity | – | – | – | – | – | 121 | 60 | 27 | 0.77 | |
Sexual enjoyment | – | – | – | – | – | 116 | 76 | 25 | 38c | 0.77 |
Satisfaction with testicular implantd
| – | – | – | – | – | 35 | 55 | 37 | 31c | – |
Treatment side effects | – | – | – | – | – | 125 | 11 | 12 | 28f | 0.63 |
Job problems | – | – | – | – | – | 125 | 15 | 26 | 66f | 0.82 |
Sexual problems | – | – | – | – | – | 115 | 13 | 22 | 65f | 0.59 |
Family problemsd
| – | – | – | – | – | 125 | 15 | 28 | 70f | – |
Infertilityd
| – | – | – | – | – | 123 | 24 | 34 | 58f | – |
Body Imaged
| – | – | – | – | – | 125 | 18 | 28 | 62f | – |
QPSNordic | ||||||||||
Work Motivation | – | – | – | – | – | 113 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0.42 | |
Job and life satisfaction | – | – | – | – | – | 113 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 0.71 | |
Work ability | – | – | – | – | – | 113 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 0.82 | |
Self-efficacy | – | – | – | – | – | 113 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 40c | 0.83 |
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample accrual and response rate
PCa survivors (N = 116) | TCa survivors (N = 126) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Mean ± SD (years) | 75.0 | (5.8) | 43.1 | (8.8) |
Civil status (%) | ||||
married/living with partner | 92 | (79%) | 85 | (67%) |
widower | 11 | (10%) | – | |
divorced/separated | 8 | (7%) | 7 | (6%) |
in relationship living apart | – | 15 | (12%) | |
never been married/living together | 4 | (3%)a
| 16 | (13%) |
Education (%) | ||||
university | 23 | (20%) | 42 | (33%) |
vocational education | 46 | (40%) | 50 | (40%) |
high school | 24 | (21%) | 26 | (21%) |
primary school | 21 | (18%) | 6 | (5%) |
Work status (%) | ||||
fulltime (≥ 32 h per week) | 2 | (2%) | 92 | (73%) |
part-time (< 32 h per week) | 1 | (1%) | 13 | (10%) |
irregular hours | 1 | (1%) | – | |
retired | 111 | (96%) | 6 | (5%) |
unemployed | – | 2 | (2%) | |
incapable of work | 1 | (1%) | 9 | (7%) |
household | – | 2 | (2%) | |
Country (%) | ||||
The Netherlands | 44 | (38%) | 37 | (29%) |
Belgium | 37 | (32%) | – | |
United Kingdom | – | 29 | (23%) | |
Norway | – | 23 | (18%) | |
France | 25 | (22%) | – | |
Italy | 10 | (9%) | 37 | (29%) |
Time since treatment allocation | ||||
Mean (SD) (years) | 13.0 | (2.1) | – | |
Time since treatment evaluation | ||||
Mean (SD) (years) | – | 11.9 | (3.8) | |
Treatment allocation (%) | ||||
prostatomectomy and wait and see | 53 | (46%) | – | |
prostatomectomy and radiation | 61 | (53%) | – | |
four cycles/ five days | – | 27 | (21%) | |
four cycles/ three days | – | 23 | (18%) | |
three cycles/ five days | – | 53 | (42%)b
| |
three cycles/ three days | – | 23 | (18) | |
Co-morbid disorders (%) | ||||
0 | 22 | (19%) | 58 | (46%) |
1 | 22 | (19%) | 36 | (29%) |
2 | 29 | (25%) | 20 | (16%) |
3 or more | 35 | (30%) | 8 | (6%) |
Completeness of the data
Debriefing questionnaire
Scale level descriptive statistics and reliability
The SF-36
The EORTC QLQ-C30
The IOCv2
The QLQ-PR25
The QLQ-TC26
The QPSNordic
Tests of known-groups validity
Age
PCa survivors | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-morbidities | Age | Education | Marital status | |||||||
0–1 comorbiditiesa
| 2 or more co-morbidities | Younger than 70a
| 70–80 | 80 and older | Universitya
| College and high school | Primary school only | Singlea
| Partner | |
SF36: Physical Functioning |
−0.60
|
−0.72
|
−1.05
| −0.39 | −0.67 | 0.22 | ||||
SF36: Role-Physical |
−0.66
|
−0.66
|
−0.84
| −0.43 | −0.44 | −0.07 | ||||
SF36: Bodily Pain |
−0.86
| −0.32 | −0.55 | −0.50 | −0.53 | −0.03 | ||||
SF36: General Health |
−0.48
|
−0.42
|
−0.73
| −0.42 | −0.70 | 0.30 | ||||
SF36: Vitality |
−0.57
| −0.40 | −0.58 |
−0.54
|
−0.73
| 0.03 | ||||
SF36: Social Functioning |
−0.47
| −0.30 | −0.41 | −0.38 | −0.56 | 0.27 | ||||
SF36: Role-Emotional |
−0.44
| −0.46 | −0.61 | −0.56 | −0.58 | 0.25 | ||||
SF36: Mental Health |
−0.49
| −0.29 | −0.65 |
−0.47
|
−1.02
| 0.26 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Global health status/QoL |
−0.61
|
−0.51
|
−0.85
|
−0.51
|
−0.79
| −0.01 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Physical Function |
−0.58
|
−0.68
|
−0.95
| −0.34 | −0.63 | 0.12 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Role Function |
−0.52
| −0.50 | −0.55 | −0.31 | −0.59 | −0.05 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Emotional Function |
−0.51
| −0.27 | −0.35 |
−0.35
|
−1.01
| 0.27 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Cognitive Function |
−0.49
|
−0.41
|
−0.87
| −0.30 | −0.48 | 0.03 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Social Function |
−0.58
| −0.15 | −0.29 | −0.19 | −0.53 | 0.37 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Fatigue |
−0.57
| −0.23 | −0.25 |
−0.53
|
−0.86
| 0.02 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Nausea / vomiting | −0.14 | 0.07 | −0.27 | −0.10 | −0.55 | 0.21 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Pain |
−0.58
| −0.34 | −0.40 | −0.32 | −0.27 | −0.08 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Dyspnoea |
−0.54
| −0.30 | −0.60 | −0.16 | −0.65 | 0.34 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Insomnia | −0.34 | −0.39 | −0.43 | −0.32 | −0.50 | 0.20 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Appetite loss | −0.05 | −0.23 | 0.29 | −0.14 | −0.63 | 0.09 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Constipation |
−0.50
|
−0.03
|
−0.57
|
−0.05
|
−0.66
| 0.04 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Diarrhoea | −0.23 | 0.32 | 0.75 | −0.07 | 0.16 | 0.32 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Financial problems | 0.12 | 0.63 | 0.35 | −0.16 | −0.21 | 0.36 | ||||
IOC: Appearance concerns |
−0.46
| −0.38 | −0.18 |
−0.25
|
−0.94
| 0.35 | ||||
IOC: Body change concerns |
−0.55
| −0.41 | −0.18 | −0.42 | −0.55 | 0.09 | ||||
IOC: Life interferences |
−0.59
| −0.16 | −0.28 |
−0.54
|
−0.84
| 0.16 | ||||
IOC: Worry |
−0.46
| 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.41 | 0.19 | ||||
IOC: Negative Impact Scale |
−0.62
| −0.19 | −0.15 | −0.35 | −0.73 | 0.21 | ||||
PR25: Sexual activity | −0.12 |
−0.32
|
−0.75
| 0.05 | −0.18 | 0.38 | ||||
PR25: Sexual functioning | −0.51 | −0.63 | −0.35 | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.23 | ||||
PR25: Urinary problems |
−0.50
| −0.37 | −0.60 | −0.47 | −0.67 | 0.27 | ||||
PR25: Incontinence aid problems | −0.36 | −0.74 | −0.27 | −0.43 | −0.71 | −0.30 | ||||
PR25: Bowel problems | −0.39 | −0.30 | −0.51 | −0.02 | −0.61 | 0.16 | ||||
PR25: Treatment related symptoms | −0.34 | −0.27 | −0.51 | −0.54 | −0.44 | −0.01 |
TCa survivors | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-morbidities | Age | Education | Marital status | |||||||
0 comorbiditiesa
| 1 or more co-morbidities | Younger than 40a
| 40–50 | 50 and older | Universitya
| Higher education | High school or less | Singlea
| Partner | |
SF36: Physical Functioning |
−0.66
| −0.33 | −0.41 |
−0.11
|
−0.58
|
0.61
| ||||
SF36: Role-Physical |
−0.62
| −0.09 | −0.12 | −0.20 | −0.24 |
0.93
| ||||
SF36: Bodily Pain |
−0.84
| −0.34 | −0.28 | 0.00 | −0.14 |
0.64
| ||||
SF36: General Health |
−0.55
| −0.37 | −0.21 | 0.03 | −0.16 |
0.74
| ||||
SF36: Vitality |
−0.61
| −0.07 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.10 |
0.52
| ||||
SF36: Social Functioning |
−0.49
| −0.10 | 0.17 | −0.18 | −0.10 |
0.93
| ||||
SF36: Role-Emotional | −0.27 | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.21 | −0.24 |
0.64
| ||||
SF36: Mental Health | −0.20 |
0.37
|
0.58
| −0.18 | −0.11 |
0.65
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Global health status/QoL |
−0.36
| −0.09 | 0.20 | 0.01 | −0.29 |
0.67
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Physical Function |
−0.69
| −0.29 | −0.27 | 0.07 | −0.42 |
0.75
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Role Function |
−0.55
| −0.19 | 0.08 | 0.04 | −0.43 |
0.90
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Emotional Function |
−0.48
| 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.04 | −0.26 |
0.86
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Cognitive Function |
−0.48
| −0.07 | −0.30 | −0.06 | 0.08 |
0.74
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Social Function |
−0.47
| −0.07 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.01 |
0.66
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Fatigue |
−0.81
| −0.07 | −0.38 | 0.12 | −0.31 |
0.76
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Nausea / vomiting |
−0.40
| 0.12 | 0.17 | −0.12 | −0.25 |
0.55
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Pain |
−0.80
| −0.20 | −0.19 | 0.13 | −0.13 |
0.63
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Dyspnoea |
−0.45
| −0.21 | −0.40 |
0.27
|
−0.37
| 0.19 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Insomnia |
−0.43
| 0.15 | 0.14 | −0.03 | −0.04 |
0.73
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Appetite loss | −0.17 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.04 | −0.33 |
0.60
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Constipation | −0.24 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 0.31 | 0.06 |
0.48
| ||||
QLQ-C30: Diarrhoea | −0.03 | −0.13 | 0.04 |
0.59
|
0.56
| 0.15 | ||||
QLQ-C30: Financial problems |
−0.37
| 0.06 | −0.40 | 0.09 | −0.12 | 0.41 | ||||
IOC: Appearance concerns | −0.13 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.31 | ||||
IOC: Body change concerns |
−0.41
| −0.15 | −0.32 | −0.06 | −0.30 | 0.34 | ||||
IOC: Life interferences | −0.33 | −0.01 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.14 |
0.65
| ||||
IOC: Worry |
−0.42
| −0.06 | 0.12 | 0.02 | −0.19 | 0.23 | ||||
IOC: Negative Impact Scale |
−0.42
| −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.02 | −0.25 |
0.50
| ||||
TC26: Satisfaction with care | −0.23 | −0.08 | −0.17 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.06 | ||||
TC26: Future perspective | −0.32 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.04 | −0.36 |
0.52
| ||||
TC26: Communication | 0.05 | 0.16 | −0.16 | −0.22 | −0.04 | 0.04 | ||||
TC26: Sexual activity | −0.30 |
−0.17
|
−0.66
| −0.19 | −0.13 |
0.56
| ||||
TC26: Sexual enjoyment | −0.30 | 0.00 | −0.54 | −0.15 | −0.27 |
0.57
| ||||
TC26: Satisfaction with testicular implant | −0.36 | 0.76 | 0.50 | −0.09 | −0.78 | 0.26 | ||||
TC26: Treatment side effects |
−0.57
| −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.04 | −0.14 |
0.52
| ||||
TC26: Job problems | −0.34 | −0.01 | 0.15 | −0.02 | −0.31 |
0.48
| ||||
TC26: Family problems | −0.17 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.18 | −0.18 | 0.09 | ||||
TC26: Infertility | 0.06 |
0.70
|
1.07
| 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.23 | ||||
TC26: Body Image | −0.26 | 0.31 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.01 |
0.54
| ||||
TC26: Sexual problems |
−0.38
| 0.17 | −0.23 | −0.19 | −0.06 | 0.36 | ||||
QPS: Work Motivation | −0.28 | −0.05 | 0.49 | −0.03 | 0.03 |
0.49
| ||||
QPS: Job and life satisfaction | −0.21 | −0.01 | 0.21 | −0.03 | 0.05 |
0.51
| ||||
QPS: Work ability | −0.37 | −0.23 | −0.50 | −0.26 | −0.37 |
0.59
| ||||
QPS: Self-efficacy | −0.13 | −0.41 | −0.37 | −0.28 | −0.27 | −0.27 |
Education
Marital status
Comorbidity
PCa versus TCa sample
PCa versus TCa survivors | |
---|---|
SF36: Physical Functioning |
0.82
|
SF36: Role-Physical |
0.73
|
SF36: Bodily Pain |
0.69
|
SF36: General Health |
0.51
|
SF36: Vitality | 0.10 |
SF36: Social Functioning | 0.23 |
SF36: Role-Emotional |
0.48
|
SF36: Mental Health | 0.25 |
QLQ-C30: Global health status/QoL |
0.49
|
QLQ-C30: Physical Function |
0.67
|
QLQ-C30: Role Function |
0.44
|
QLQ-C30: Emotional Function | 0.01 |
QLQ-C30: Cognitive Function |
0.40
|
QLQ-C30: Social Function |
0.33
|
QLQ-C30: Fatigue | 0.06 |
QLQ-C30: Nausea / vomiting | −0.16 |
QLQ-C30: Pain |
0.30
|
QLQ-C30: Dyspnoea |
0.29
|
QLQ-C30: Insomnia | 0.18 |
QLQ-C30: Appetite loss | 0.01 |
QLQ-C30: Constipation |
0.31
|
QLQ-C30: Diarrhoea | 0.05 |
QLQ-C30: Financial problems | −0.02 |
IOC: Appearance concerns | −0.03 |
IOC: Body change concerns |
0.38
|
IOC: Life interferences |
0.45
|
IOC: Worry | −0.01 |
IOC: Negative Impact Scale | 0.21 |