Background
Conceptual framework
Methods
Participants/Setting
Variables | Psychological aggression (n = 1433) | Physical assault (n = 1432) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Age (years) (n) | NS | NS | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 28.7 ± 8.1 | 28.8 ± 8.7 | 28.7 ± 7.9 | 29.5 ± 8.8 | ||||
Marital status (n) | (1405) | χ2(3) = 51.7, p < 0.0001 | (1404) | χ2(3) = 22.6, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Single | 489 | 53.5 | 251 | 51.2 | 388 | 51.1 | 352 | 54.6 |
Married/cohabitant | 302 | 33 | 103 | 21 | 253 | 33.4 | 151 | 23.4 |
Divorced/separated | 88 | 9.6 | 90 | 18.4 | 86 | 11.3 | 92 | 14.3 |
Widow | 36 | 3.9 | 46 | 9.4 | 32 | 4.2 | 50 | 7.7 |
Children at home (n) | (1348) | NS | (1347) | NS | ||||
Yes | 649 | 73.1 | 352 | 76.5 | 554 | 75 | 446 | 73.4 |
Housing (n) | (1408) | NS | (1407) | NS | ||||
Conventionala
| 787 | 85.5 | 411 | 84.4 | 650 | 84.8 | 547 | 85.3 |
Non-conventionalb
| 134 | 14.5 | 76 | 15.6 | 116 | 15.2 | 94 | 14.7 |
Education (n) | (1423) | χ2(3) = 17.2, p = 0.0006 | (1422) | NS | ||||
Noc
| 45 | 4.8 | 46 | 9.4 | 43 | 5.5 | 48 | 7.4 |
Lowd
| 236 | 25.4 | 148 | 30.1 | 206 | 26.6 | 178 | 27.5 |
Intere
| 519 | 55.7 | 241 | 49 | 427 | 55.2 | 333 | 51.4 |
High
f
| 131 | 14.1 | 57 | 11.5 | 98 | 12.7 | 89 | 13.7 |
Occupational status (n) | (1381) | NS | (1380) | NS | ||||
Blue-collar worker | 504 | 55.8 | 294 | 61.5 | 440 | 58.8 | 358 | 56.7 |
Low white-collar worker | 47 | 5.2 | 18 | 3.8 | 35 | 4.7 | 30 | 4.7 |
Middle/high white-collar worker | 103 | 11.4 | 50 | 10.5 | 86 | 11.5 | 67 | 10.6 |
Student/other | 249 | 27.6 | 116 | 24.2 | 187 | 25 | 177 | 28 |
Socio-economic status (n) | (1417) | NS | (1416) | NS | ||||
Work for othersg
| 320 | 34.4 | 145 | 29.8 | 277 | 35.8 | 188 | 29.3 |
Liberal/own businessh
| 149 | 16 | 99 | 20.3 | 124 | 16 | 124 | 19.3 |
Student | 251 | 27 | 115 | 23.6 | 190 | 24.6 | 175 | 27.3 |
Domestic/otheri
| 210 | 22.6 | 128 | 26.3 | 183 | 23.6 | 155 | 24.1 |
Salary/financial resources (n) | (1386) | NS | (1386) | NS | ||||
Yes | 424 | 46.4 | 213 | 45.1 | 362 | 47.5 | 275 | 44.1 |
Financial strain (n) | (1405) | NS | (1404) | NS | ||||
Yes | 774 | 83.9 | 420 | 87.1 | 651 | 84.8 | 542 | 85.2 |
BMI (n) | (1316) | NS | (1315) | NS | ||||
Mean ± SD | 25 ± 4.6 | 24.5 ± 4.8 | 25.1 ± 4.6 | 24.5 ± 4.8 | ||||
Alcohol use (n) | (1412) | χ2(1) = 8, p = 0.0046 | (1411) | χ2(1) = 9.4, p = 0.0021 | ||||
Yes | 364 | 39.5 | 156 | 31.8 | 310 | 40.5 | 210 | 32.6 |
Cigarette use (n) | (1399) | NS | (1398) | NS | ||||
Yes | 65 | 7.1 | 33 | 6.8 | 60 | 7.9 | 38 | 5.9 |
Age (years) (n) | NS | NS | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 28.6 ± 7.9 | 29.6 ± 8.7 | 29.6 ± 7.7 | 28.8 ± 8.7 | ||||
Marital status (n) | (1405) | χ2(3) = 30.1, p < 0.0001 | (1404) | χ2(3) = 32.8, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Single | 390 | 54.6 | 350 | 50.7 | 209 | 43.5 | 531 | 57.5 |
Married/cohabitant | 230 | 32.2 | 175 | 25.3 | 174 | 36.3 | 230 | 24.9 |
Divorced/separated | 68 | 9.5 | 110 | 15.9 | 75 | 15.6 | 103 | 11.1 |
Widow | 26 | 3.7 | 56 | 8.1 | 22 | 4.6 | 60 | 6.5 |
Children at home (n) | (1348) | NS | (1347) | χ2(1) = 42.1, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 513 | 74.2 | 488 | 74.3 | 397 | 84.8 | 603 | 68.6 |
Housing (n) | (1408) | NS | (1407) | χ2(1) = 6.6, p = 0.0103 | ||||
Conventionala
| 615 | 85.5 | 583 | 84.6 | 398 | 81.8 | 799 | 86.8 |
Non-conventionalb
| 104 | 14.5 | 106 | 15.4 | 89 | 18.2 | 121 | 13.2 |
Education (n) | (1423) | NS | (1422) | NS | ||||
Noc
| 37 | 5.1 | 54 | 7.7 | 34 | 7 | 57 | 6.1 |
Lowd
| 185 | 25.5 | 199 | 28.6 | 145 | 29.6 | 239 | 25.7 |
Intere
| 399 | 54.9 | 361 | 51.8 | 252 | 51.4 | 508 | 54.5 |
Highf
| 105 | 114.5 | 83 | 11.9 | 59 | 12 | 128 | 13.7 |
Occupational status (n) | (1381) | NS | (1380) | χ2(3) = 36.9, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Blue-collar worker | 403 | 57.4 | 395 | 58.2 | 300 | 64.1 | 498 | 54.6 |
Low white-collar worker | 35 | 5 | 30 | 4.4 | 23 | 4.9 | 42 | 4.6 |
Middle/high white-collar worker | 82 | 11.7 | 71 | 10.4 | 67 | 14.3 | 86 | 9.4 |
Student/other | 182 | 25.9 | 183 | 27 | 78 | 16.7 | 286 | 31.4 |
Socio-economic status (n) | (1417) | NS | (1416) | χ2(3) = 39.4, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Work for othersg
| 264 | 36.4 | 201 | 29 | 197 | 40.2 | 268 | 29 |
Liberal/own businessh
| 118 | 16.3 | 130 | 18.8 | 87 | 17.8 | 161 | 17.4 |
Student | 184 | 25.3 | 182 | 26.3 | 80 | 16.3 | 285 | 30.8 |
Domestic/others
i
| 159 | 22 | 179 | 25.9 | 126 | 25.7 | 212 | 22.8 |
Salary/financial resources (n) | (1386) | NS | (1386) | χ2(1) = 16.1, p = 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 344 | 48.4 | 293 | 43.4 | 256 | 53.3 | 381 | 42.1 |
Financial strain (n) | (1405) | NS | (1404) | χ2(1) = 6.3, p = .012 | ||||
Yes | 605 | 84.1 | 589 | 85.7 | 429 | 88.3 | 764 | 83.2 |
BMI (n) | (1316) | NS | (1315) | (F(1,1313) = 10.7, p = 0.0011 | ||||
Mean ± SD | 24.9 ± 4.5 | 24.7 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 4.7 | 24.5 ± 4.7 | ||||
Alcohol use (n) | (1412) | χ2(1) = 15.1, p < 0.0001 | (1411) | χ2(1) = 9, p = 0.0026 | ||||
Yes | 300 | 41.7 | 220 | 31.7 | 205 | 42.2 | 315 | 34.1 |
Cigarette use (n) | (1399) | χ2(1) = 6.6, p = 0.011 | (1398) | χ2(1) = 23.8, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Yes | 62 | 8.7 | 36 | 5.2 | 56 | 11.6 | 42 | 4.6 |
Measures
Design/procedure
Statistical analyses
Results
Occurrence, chronicity, severity and co-occurrence of IPV
Variables | Victim n = 1433 |
---|---|
Psychological aggression (n) | |
Minor
| 913 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 63.7 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 23.9 ± 29.8 |
Severe
| 658 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 45.9 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 11.4 ± 19.8 |
Total
a
| 936 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 65.3 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 35.3 ± 45.5 |
Physical assault (n) | (1432) |
Minor
| 729 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 50.9 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 14.9 ± 27.6 |
Severe
| 629 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 44 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 12.8 ± 26.9 |
Total
a
| 778 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 54.3 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 27.7 ± 51.5 |
Sexual coercion (n) | |
Minor
| 686 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 47.9 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 10.2 ± 16.4 |
Severe
| 418 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 29.2 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 6.1 ± 15.1 |
Total
a
| 730 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 50.9 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 16.3 ± 28.3 |
Physical assault with injury (n) | (1432) |
Minor
| 432 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 30.2 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 3.3 ± 8.9 |
Severe
| 377 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 26.3 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 3.1 ± 9.1 |
Total
a
| 492 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 34.4 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 15.4 |
Overall IPV
b
| |
Minor
| 987 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 68.9 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 52.4 ± 67.8 |
Severe
| 793 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 55.3 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 33.4 ± 58.3 |
Total
| 1006 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 70.2 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 85.8 ± 120.9 |
Variables
| Victim n = 1433
|
Co-occurrence of IPV (n) | |
All types
c
| 384 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 26.8 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 55.3 ± 117.6 |
Three types
d
| 456 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 31.8 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 52.4 ± 101.3 |
Three types
e
| 388 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 27.1 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 35.7 ± 80.3 |
Three types
f
| 610 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 42.6 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 64.9 ± 110.9 |
Three types
g
| 393 |
Occurrence (Percentage) | 27.4 |
Chronicity, Mean ± SD | 36.4 ± 74.0 |
Demographics/socio-economics, life-style and IPV
Factors associated with IPV
Dependent variables | Psychological aggressionm
| Physical assaultm
| Sexual coercionm
| Physical assault with injurym
N = 1040 |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1265 | N = 1271 | N = 1258 | ||
OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | OR 95% CI | |
Independent variables
| ||||
Demographics/socio-economics
| ||||
(Block 1)
| ||||
Marital statusa
| ||||
Married/cohabitant | 1.28 (0.82–2.01) | 1.19 (0.77–1.85) | 0.80 (0.55–1.15) | 1.07 (0.66–1.72) |
Divorced/Separated | 0.34 (0.17–0.69) | 0.99 (0.45–2.17) | 0.40 (0.22–0.71) | 1.88 (0.92–3.82) |
Widow | 0.65 (0.28–1.51) | 1.52 (0.61–3.82) | 0.46 (0.21–1.03) | 0.85 (0.33–2.17) |
Singlec
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Children at homea
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Yes | 2.69 (1.51–4.79) | |||
Noc
| 1 | |||
Housinga
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Non-conventionald
| 1.12 (0.58–2.16) | |||
Conventionalc, e
| 1 | |||
Educationa
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Lowf
| 2.32 (0.92–5.83) | |||
Middleg
| 3.17 (1.31–7.64) | |||
Highh
| 3.33 (1.27–8.73) | |||
Cannot read/writec
| 1 | |||
Occupational statusa
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Blue-collar worker | 0.82 (0.14–4.75) | |||
Low white-collar worker | 0.66 (0.09–4.86) | |||
Inter/high white-collar worker | 0.94 (0.14–6.23) | |||
Student/otherc
| 1 | |||
Socio-economic status
a
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Work for othersi
| 0.60 (0.11–3.28) | |||
Liberal/own businessj
| 0.85 (0.15–4.78) | |||
Domestic/otherk
| 1.70 (0.32–9.11) | |||
Studentc
| 1 | |||
Salary/financial resourcesa
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Yes | 1.70 (0.92–3.16) | |||
Noc
| 1 | |||
Financial straina
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| |
Yes | 1.44 (0.83–2.49) | |||
Noc
| 1 | |||
R2
n
| (7.1) | (2.1) | (3.4) | (7.5) |
Life-style
| ||||
(Block 2)
| ||||
BMIb
| NA1
| NA1
| NA1
| 1.01 (0.97 1.06) |
Drinkinga
| ||||
Yes | 0.89 (0.60–1.33) | 0.93 (0.62–1.40) | 1.33 (0.95–1.87) | 0.73 (0.49–1.10) |
N0c
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Smokinga
| NA1
| NA1
| ||
Yes | 1.43 (0.65–3.14) | 2.22 (0.92–5.33) | ||
Noc
| 1 | 1 | ||
R2
n
| (0.08) | (1) | (2.1) | (2.3) |
Controlling behaviours over partner
| ||||
(Block 3)
| ||||
Controlb
| 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
R2
n
| (12.8) | (16.2) | (15) | (12.6) |
Controlling behaviours by partner
| ||||
(Block 4)
| ||||
Controlb
| 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) |
R2
n
| (0.05) | (4.1) | (1) | (6.6) |
Perpetration
| ||||
(Block 5)
| ||||
Psychological aggressiona
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 4.04 (2.22–7.33) | 1.89 (1.10–3.27) | 1.95 (0.86–4.42) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Physical assaulta
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 2.40 (1.22–4.74) | 1.31 (0.88–1.94) | 1.39 (0.89–2.16) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Sexual coerciona
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 0.95 (0.53–1.71) | 0.93 (0.57–1.52) | 1.95 (1.22–3.11) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | ||
Physical assault with injurya
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 0.89 (0.33–2.40) | 3.56 (1.55–8.15) | 2.02 (1.22–3.32) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
R2
n
| (29.8) | (42.5) | (31.5) | (25.3) |
Victimization
| ||||
(Block 6)
| ||||
Psychological aggressiona
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 8.37 (4.36–16.06) | 5.80 (3.24–10.39) | 2.81 (1.08–7.35) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Physical assaulta
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 13.63 (1.65–24.29) | 3.71 (2.41–5.70) | 10.61 (5.21–21.61) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Sexual coerciona
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 8.23 (4.69–14.44) | 4.33 (2.70–6.95) | 1.14 (0.68–1.93) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Physical assault with injurya
| NA1
| |||
Yes | 4.25 (2.01–8.98) | 7.54 (4.21–13.53) | 1.11 (0.72–1.71) | |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | |
R2
n
| (19.9) | (9.2) | (6.5) | (6.2) |
Abuse as a child
| ||||
(Block 7)
| ||||
Psychological abusea
| ||||
Yes | 1.40 (0.51–3.84) | 0.94 (0.40–2.24) | 1.56 (0.68–3.57) | 0.42 (0.18–1.02) |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Physical abusea
| ||||
Yes | 1.51 (1.01–2.25) | 0.91 (0.60–1.36) | 0.92 (0.65–1.28) | 0.69 (0.46–1.04) |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Sexual abusea
| ||||
Yes | 0.84 (0.30–2.34) | 0.59 (0.22–1.64) | 1.54 (0.66–3.57) | 2.28 (0.99–5.21) |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Injurya
| ||||
Yes | 0.53 (0.22–1.27) | 1.29 (0.58–2.88) | 1.71 (0.86–3.41) | 1.57 (0.80–3.07) |
Noc
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
R2
n
| (0.03) | (0.01) | (0.03) | (0.09) |
Total R2
| (69.76) | (75.11) | (59.53) | (60.59) |