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Erschienen in: Der Hautarzt 2/2017

10.01.2017 | Geburtseinleitung | Leitthema

Intrahepatische Schwangerschaftscholestase

Selten, aber relevant

Erschienen in: Die Dermatologie | Ausgabe 2/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Die intrahepatische Schwangerschaftscholestase ist eine schwangerschaftsspezifische Lebererkrankung, die durchschnittlich in etwa 0,5–2,0 % aller Schwangerschaften auftritt. Sie zeigt meist einen benignen Verlauf für die Mutter und ist durch maternalen Pruritus v. a. im dritten Trimester, erhöhte Transaminasen und Nüchtern-Gallensalzkonzentrationen im Serum sowie ein gesteigertes fetales Risikoprofil charakterisiert. Die Ätiologie der intrahepatischen Schwangerschaftscholestase ist bisher nur teilweise geklärt, scheint aber multifaktoriell bedingt zu sein. Cholestase verursachende Effekte bestimmter weiblicher Schwangerschaftshormone und deren Metabolite spielen dabei eine entscheidende Rolle bei genetisch prädisponierten Frauen. Ebenfalls sind die Mechanismen unbekannt, die für die fetalen Komplikationen wie spontane Frühgeburten, Mekoniumfärbung des Fruchtwassers, Neugeborenenasphyxie bis hin zu fetalen Todesfällen verantwortlich sind. Für die Pathogenese des Pruritus in der Schwangerschaftscholestase scheinen bestimmte sulfatierte Progesteronmetabolite verantwortlich zu sein. Im Gegensatz zu Pruritus bei schwangerschaftsassoziierten Dermatosen liegen bei Patienten mit intrahepatischer Schwangerschaftscholestase keine primären Hautveränderungen vor. Allerdings kann intensives Kratzen zu sekundären Hautveränderungen wie Erosionen, Exkoriationen, Krusten und selten auch zu Prurigo nodularis führen. Die Behandlung basiert entsprechend den aktuellen Leitlinien in der oralen Gabe von Ursodeoxycholsäure und der teils praktizierten elektiven Geburtseinleitung in der 37. bis 38. Schwangerschaftswoche, um möglichen fetalen Risiken, insbesondere der Totgeburt, zuvorzukommen. Dieser Übersichtsbeitrag fasst Epidemiologie, klinische Symptome, Diagnose, Behandlung und insbesondere die Pathogenese des Pruritus zusammen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Intrahepatische Schwangerschaftscholestase
Selten, aber relevant
Publikationsdatum
10.01.2017
Erschienen in
Die Dermatologie / Ausgabe 2/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-7005
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7013
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-016-3923-y

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