nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel Zur Zeit gratis

2. Intrakranielle Blutungen

verfasst von : Th. Kretschmer, Th. Schmidt

Erschienen in: Neurologische Notfälle

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Intrakranielle Blutungen treten mit steigender Tendenz und sehr häufig auf. Sie können spontan, nicht-läsionsbedingt, traumatisch bedingt oder aufgrund von Gefäßmalformationen auftreten. Etwa 20% aller „Schlaganfälle“ sind hämorrhagisch. Der neurologischen Notfallbehandlung fällt eine entscheidende Rolle im Hinblick auf die Prognose zu. An erster Stelle steht das schnellstmögliche Erkennen einer intrakraniellen Blutung und der vorliegenden Blutungsform. Ungeachtet der Blutungsform zielen die Notfallmaßnahmen im Wesentlichen darauf ab, die Vitalfunktionen zu sichern sowie eine Hirndrucksteigerung zu vermeiden, sie zu reduzieren und das Risiko für Nachblutungen zu senken. Daran schließt sich in entsprechenden Fällen die möglichst umgehende neurochirurgische oder neurointerventionelle Behandlung der Blutungsursache bzw. die Ausräumung der massenwirksamen Blutung an. Die zunehmende Behandlung mit hochwirksamen und schwer steuerbaren Gerinnungshemmern spielt eine relevante Rolle.

Abdullah, A. R., Smith, E. E., Biddinger, P. D., Kalenderian, D., & Schwamm, L. H. (2008). Advance hospital notification by EMS in acute stroke is associated with shorter door-to-computed tomography time and increased likelihood of administration of tissue-plasminogen activator. Prehospital Emergency Care: Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 12(4), 426–431. http://doi.org/10.1080/10903120802290828 CrossRef

Badjatia, N., Topcuoglu, M. A., Buonanno, F. S., Smith, E. E., Nogueira, R. G., Rordorf, G. A., et al. (2005). Relationship between hyperglycemia and symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical Care Medicine, 33(7), 1603–9–quiz 1623CrossRefPubMed

Baker, C. J., Prestigiacomo, C. J., & Solomon, R. A. (1995). Short-term perioperative anticonvulsant prophylaxis for the surgical treatment of low-risk patients with intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery, 37(5), 863–70– discussion 870–1CrossRefPubMed

Bartels, R. H., Meijer, F. J., van der Hoeven, H., Edwards, M., & Prokop, M. (2015). Midline shift in relation to thickness of traumatic acute subdural hematoma predicts mortality. BMC Neurology, 15(1), 220. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-015-0479-x CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bechan, R. S., van Rooij, S. B., Sprengers, M. E., Peluso, J. P., Sluzewski, M., Majoie, C. B., & Van Rooij, W. J. (2015). CT angiography versus 3D rotational angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-015-1590-9

Bekelis K, Desai A, Zhao W, Gibson D, Gologorsky D, Eskey C, Erkmen K (2012) Computed tomography angiography: improving diagnostic yield and cost effectiveness in the initial evaluation of spontaneous nonsubarachnoid intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 117:761–766. doi: 10.3171/2012.7.JNS12281 CrossRefPubMed

Boogaarts, H. D., van Lieshout, J. H., van Amerongen, M. J., de Vries, J., Verbeek, A. L. M., Grotenhuis, J. A., et al. (2015). Aneurysm diameter as a risk factor for pretreatment rebleeding: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurosurgery, 122(4), 921–928. http://doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.JNS14931 CrossRefPubMed

Brilstra, E. H., Rinkel, G. J., Algra, A., & van Gijn, J. (2000). Rebleeding, secondary ischemia, and timing of operation in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology, 55(11), 1656–1660CrossRefPubMed

Broderick, J. P., Diringer, M. N., Hill, M. D., Brun, N. C., Mayer, S. A., Steiner, T., et al. (2007a). Determinants of intracerebral hemorrhage growth: an exploratory analysis. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 38(3), 1072–1075. http://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000258078.35316.30 CrossRefPubMed

Broderick, J., Connolly, S., Feldmann, E., Hanley, D., Kase, C., Krieger, D., et al. (2007b, October 16). Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.183689

Brott, T., Broderick, J., Kothari, R., Barsan, W., Tomsick, T., Sauerbeck, L., et al. (1997). Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 28(1), 1–5. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=8996478&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Brouwers HB, Falcone GJ, McNamara KA, Ayres AM, Oleinik A, Schwab K, Romero JM, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM, Rosand J, Goldstein JN (2012) CTA spot sign predicts hematoma expansion in patients with delayed presentation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 17:421–428. doi: 10.1007/s12028-012-9765-2 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Carlsen, J. G., Cortnum, S., & Sørensen, J. C. (2011). Recurrence of chronic subdural haematomata with and without post-operative drainage. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 25(3), 388–390. http://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2011.558945 CrossRefPubMed

Charpentier, C., Audibert, G., Guillemin, F., Civit, T., Ducrocq, X., Bracard, S., et al. (1999). Multivariate analysis of predictors of cerebral vasospasm occurrence after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 30(7), 1402–1408CrossRefPubMed

Choi, K.-S., Chun, H.-J., Yi, H.-J., Ko, Y., Kim, Y.-S., & Kim, J.-M. (2009). Seizures and Epilepsy following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Incidence and Risk Factors. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society, 46(2), 93–98. http://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2009.46.2.93 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Cohen, J. E., Montero, A., & Israel, Z. H. (1996). Prognosis and clinical relevance of anisocoria-craniotomy latency for epidural hematoma in comatose patients. The Journal of Trauma, 41(1), 120–122. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=8676403&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Connolly, E. S., Rabinstein, A. A., Carhuapoma, J. R., Derdeyn, C. P., Dion, J., Higashida, R. T., et al. (2012). Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 43(6), 1711–1737. http://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e3182587839 CrossRefPubMed

Davis SM, Broderick J, Hennerici M, Brun NC, Diringer MN, Mayer SA, Begtrup K, Steiner T (2006) Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators. Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 66:1175–1181. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000208408.98482.99 CrossRefPubMed

Demchuk AM, Dowlatshahi D, Rodriguez-Luna D, Molina CA, Blas YS, Dzialowski I, Kobayashi A, Boulanger JM, Lum C, Gubitz G, Padma V, Roy J, Kase CS, Kosior J, Bhatia R, Tymchuk S, Subramaniam S, Gladstone DJ, Hill MD, Aviv RI; PREDICT/Sunnybrook ICH CTA Study Group (2012) Prediction of haematoma growth and outcome in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage using the CT-angiography spot sign (PREDICT): a prospective observational study [published correction appears in Lancet Neurol 11:483]. Lancet Neurol 11:307– 314. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70038–8 CrossRefPubMed

Diringer, M. N., Bleck, T. P., Claude Hemphill, J., Menon, D., Shutter, L., Vespa, P., et al. (2011). Critical Care Management of Patients Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Recommendations from the Neurocritical Care Society’s Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference. Neurocritical Care, 15(2), 211–240. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9605-9 CrossRefPubMed

Donmez, H., Serifov, E., Kahriman, G., Mavili, E., Durak, A. C., & Menkü, A. (2011). Comparison of 16-row multislice CT angiography with conventional angiography for detection and evaluation of intracranial aneurysms. European Journal of Radiology, 80(2), 455–461. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.07.012 CrossRefPubMed

Dupont, S. A., Lanzino, G., Wijdicks, E. F. M., & Rabinstein, A. A. (2010). The use of clinical and routine imaging data to differentiate between aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage prior to angiography. Clinical article. Journal of Neurosurgery, 113(4), 790–794. http://doi.org/10.3171/2010.4.JNS091932 CrossRefPubMed

Elmer, J., Pallin, D. J., Liu, S., Pearson, C., Chang, Y., Camargo, C. A., et al. (2012). Prolonged emergency department length of stay is not associated with worse outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care, 17(3), 334–342. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9629-1 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fahrat, H., Kretschmer, T., & Morcos, J. (2011). Nonlesional spontaneous intracerebral Hemorrhage, 1–29. Retrieved from message:%3CE0A10572ED011141AF1CB0A84582E3AA1A349ED7@RETDAYMBXP005.legal.regn.net%3E

Fan JS, Huang HH, Chen YC, Yen DH, Kao WF, Huang MS, Huang CI, Lee CH (2012) Emergency department neurologic deterioration in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: incidence, predictors, and prognostic signicance. Acad Emerg Med 19:133–138. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01285.x CrossRefPubMed

Fan, J.-S., Huang, H.-H., Chen, Y.-C., Yen, D. H.-T., Kao, W.-F., Huang, M.-S., et al. (2012). Emergency department neurologic deterioration in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: incidence, predictors, and prognostic significance. Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 19(2), 133–138. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01285.x CrossRef

Feigin, V., Lawes, C., Bennett, D., & Anderson, C. (2003). Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. The Lancet Neurology, 2(1), 43–53. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00266-7 CrossRefPubMed

Fujii, Y., Takeuchi, S., Sasaki, O., Minakawa, T., Koike, T., & Tanaka, R. (1996). Ultra-early rebleeding in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery, 84(1), 35–42. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.1.0035 CrossRefPubMed

Gelabert-Gonzalez, M., Iglesias-Pais, M., García-Allut, A., & Martínez-Rumbo, R. (2005). Chronic subdural haematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 1000 cases. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 107(3), 223–229. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.09.015 CrossRefPubMed

Goldstein JN, Fazen LE, Snider R, Schwab K, Greenberg SM, Smith EE, Lev MH, Rosand J (2007) Contrast extravasation on CT angiography predicts hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 68:889–894. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000257087.22852.21 CrossRefPubMed

Gregson, B. A., Murray, G. D., Mitchell, P. M., Rowan, E. N., Gholkar, A. R., & Mendelow, A. D. (2012). Update on the Surgical Trial in Lobar Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH II): statistical analysis plan. Trials, 13, 222. http://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-222 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Guo, L.-M., Zhou, H.-Y., Xu, J.-W., Wang, Y., Qiu, Y.-M., & Jiang, J.-Y. (2011). Risk Factors Related to Aneurysmal Rebleeding. World Neurosurgery, 76(3-4), 292–298. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2011.03.025 CrossRefPubMed

Hanggi, D., & Steiger, H.-J. (2008). Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage in adults: a literature overview. Acta Neurochirurgica, 150(4),371–9; discussion 379. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-007-1484-7 CrossRefPubMed

Hasan, D., Schonck, R. S., Avezaat, C. J., Tanghe, H. L., van Gijn, J., & van der Lugt, P. J. (1993). Epileptic seizures after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Annals of Neurology, 33(3), 286–291. http://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410330310 CrossRefPubMed

Hemphill, J. C., Bonovich, D. C., Besmertis, L., Manley, G. T., & Johnston, S. C. (2001). The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 32(4), 891–897. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=11283388&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Hemphill, J. C., Greenberg, S. M., Anderson, C. S., Becker, K., Bendok, B. R., Cushman, M., et al. (2015, July). Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. http://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000069

Hijdra, A., van Gijn, J., Nagelkerke, N. J., Vermeulen, M., & van Crevel, H. (1988). Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 19(10), 1250–1256CrossRefPubMed

Hijdra, A., Vermeulen, M., van Gijn, J., & van Crevel, H. (1987). Rerupture of intracranial aneurysms: a clinicoanatomic study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 67(1), 29–33. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0029 CrossRefPubMed

Hravnak, M., Frangiskakis, J. M., Crago, E. A., Chang, Y., Tanabe, M., Gorcsan, J., & Horowitz, M. B. (2009). Elevated cardiac troponin I and relationship to persistence of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 40(11), 3478–3484. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556753 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Huang, K. T., Bi, W. L., Abd-El-Barr, M., Yan, S. C., Tafel, I. J., Dunn, I. F., & Gormley, W. B. (2015). The Neurocritical and Neurosurgical Care of Subdural Hematomas. Neurocritical Care, 1–14. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0194-x

Hunt, W. E., & Hess, R. M. (1968). Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery, 28(1), 14–20. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1968.28.1.0014 CrossRefPubMed

Huttunen, J., Kurki, M. I., Und Zu Fraunberg, von, M., Koivisto, T., Ronkainen, A., Rinne, J., et al. (2015). Epilepsy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A population-based, long-term follow-up study. Neurology, 84(22), 2229–2237. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001643 CrossRefPubMed

Huynh TJ, Demchuk AM, Dowlatshahi D, Gladstone DJ, Krischek O, Kiss A, Hill MD, Molina CA, Rodriguez-Luna D, Dzialowski I, Silva Y, Czlonkowska A, Lum C, Boulanger JM, Gubitz G, Bhatia R, Padma V, Roy J, Kase CS, Aviv RI; PREDICT/Sunnybrook ICH CTA Study Group (2013) Spot sign number is the most important spot sign char- acteristic for predicting hematoma expansion using rst-pass computed tomography angiography: analysis from the PREDICT study. Stroke 44:972–977. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000410 CrossRefPubMed

Inagawa, T. (2015). Risk factors for Cerebral Vasospasm Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of the Literature. Wneu, 1–46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.08.052

Inagawa, T., Kamiya, K., Ogasawara, H., & Yano, T. (1987). Rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysms in the acute stage. Surgical Neurology, 28(2), 93–99CrossRefPubMed

Jayaraman, M. V., Mayo-Smith, W. W., Tung, G. A., Haas, R. A., Rogg, J. M., Mehta, N. R., & Doberstein, C. E. (2004). Detection of intracranial aneurysms: multi-detector row CT angiography compared with DSA. Radiology, 230(2), 510–518. http://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2302021465 CrossRefPubMed

Juvela, S. (1989). Rebleeding from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Surgical Neurology, 32(5), 323–326CrossRefPubMed

Juvela, S., Hillbom, M., & Palomäki, H. (1995). Risk factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 26(9), 1558–1564CrossRefPubMed

Kase, CS, Mohr JP, Caplan LR, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage. In: Barnett HH, Mohr JP, Steen BM, et al, eds. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1999

Kassell, N. F., Sasaki, T., Colohan, A. R., & Nazar, G. (1985). Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 16(4), 562–572CrossRefPubMed

Kassell, N. F., Torner, J. C., Haley, E. C., Jane, J. A., Adams, H. P., & Kongable, G. L. (1990). The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: Overall management results. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73(1), 18–36. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.73.1.0018 CrossRefPubMed

Kruyt, N. D., Biessels, G. J., de Haan, R. J., Vermeulen, M., Rinkel, G. J. E., Coert, B., & Roos, Y. B. W. E. M. (2009). Hyperglycemia and clinical outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 40(6), e424–30. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.529974 CrossRefPubMed

Kruyt, N. D., Biessels, G. J., DeVries, J. H., Luitse, M. J. A., Vermeulen, M., Rinkel, G. J. E., et al. (2010). Hyperglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a potentially modifiable risk factor for poor outcome. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 30(9), 1577–1587. http://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2010.102 CrossRef

Kumral, E., Ozkaya, B., Sagduyu, A., Sirin, H., Vardarli, E., & Pehlivan, M. (1998). The Ege Stroke Registry: a hospital-based study in the Aegean region, Izmir, Turkey. Analysis of 2,000 stroke patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 8(5), 278–288. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=9712926&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Kvam, D. A., Loftus, C. M., Copeland, B., & Quest, D. O. (1983). Seizures during the immediate postoperative period. Neurosurgery, 12(1), 14–17CrossRefPubMed

Lanzino, G., D’Urso, P. I., Suarez, J., Participants in the International Multi-Disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. (2011). Seizures and anticonvulsants after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care, 15(2), 247–256. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9584-x PubMed

Leroy, H.-A., Aboukaïs, R., Reyns, N., Bourgeois, P., Labreuche, J., Duhamel, A., & Lejeune, J.-P. (2015). Predictors of functional outcomes and recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 22(12), 1895–1900. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.03.064 CrossRef

Lin, C.-L., Dumont, A. S., Lieu, A.-S., Yen, C.-P., Hwang, S.-L., Kwan, A.-L., et al. (2003). Characterization of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery, 99(6), 978–985. http://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.6.0978 CrossRefPubMed

McKinney, A. M., Palmer, C. S., Truwit, C. L., Karagulle, A., & Teksam, M. (2008). Detection of aneurysms by 64-section multidetector CT angiography in patients acutely suspected of having an intracranial aneurysm and comparison with digital subtraction and 3D rotational angiography. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29(3), 594–602. http://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0848 CrossRefPubMed

Mendelow, A. D., Gregson, B. A., Fernandes, H. M., Murray, G. D., Teasdale, G. M., Hope, D. T., et al. (2005). Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet, 365(9457), 387–397. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17826-X CrossRefPubMed

Merzo, A., Lenell, S., Nyholm, L., Enblad, P., & Lewén, A. (2015). Promising clinical outcome of elderly with TBI after modern neurointensive care. Acta Neurochirurgica, 1–9. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-015-2639-6

Miranda, L. B., Braxton, E., Hobbs, J., & Quigley, M. R. (2011). Chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: not a benign disease. Journal of Neurosurgery, 114(1), 72–76. http://doi.org/10.3171/2010.8.JNS10298 CrossRefPubMed

Mitchell, P., Wilkinson, I. D., Hoggard, N., Paley, M. N., Jellinek, D. A., Powell, T., et al. (2001). Detection of subarachnoid haemorrhage with magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 70(2), 205–211. http://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.2.205 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Moon, J.-S., Janjua, N., Ahmed, S., Kirmani, J. F., Harris-Lane, P., Jacob, M., et al. (2008). Prehospital neurologic deterioration in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Critical Care Medicine, 36(1), 172–175)CrossRefPubMed

Naidech, A. M., Janjua, N., Kreiter, K. T., Ostapkovich, N. D., Fitzsimmons, B.-F., Parra, A., et al. (2005). Predictors and impact of aneurysm rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Archives of Neurology, 62(3), 410–416. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.3.410 CrossRefPubMed

Obata, Y., Takeda, J., Sato, Y., Ishikura, H., Matsui, T., & Isotani, E. (2015). A multicenter prospective cohort study of volume management after subarachnoid hemorrhage: circulatory characteristics of pulmonary edema after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery, 1–10. http://doi.org/10.3171/2015.6.JNS1519

Ohba, S., Kinoshita, Y., Nakagawa, T., & Murakami, H. (2013). The risk factors for recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma. Neurosurgical Review, 36(1), 145–9– discussion 149–50. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-012-0396-z CrossRefPubMed

Ohkuma, H., Tsurutani, H., & Suzuki, S. (2001). Incidence and significance of early aneurysmal rebleeding before neurosurgical or neurological management. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 32(5), 1176–1180CrossRefPubMed

Polmear, A. (2003). Sentinel headaches in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: what is the true incidence? A systematic review. Cephalalgia: an International Journal of Headache, 23(10), 935–941CrossRef

Qureshi, A. I., Giles, W. H., & Croft, J. B. (1999). Racial differences in the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage: effects of blood pressure and education. Neurology, 52(8), 1617–1621. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed &id=10331687&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Qureshi, A. I., Tuhrim, S., Broderick, J. P., Batjer, H. H., Hondo, H., & Hanley, D. F. (2001). Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(19), 1450–1460CrossRefPubMed

Rahul Raj, M. P., Era D Mikkonen, M. D., Riku Kivisaari, M. P. A. P., Markus B Skrifvars, M. P. A. P. E. F., Miikka Korja, M. P. A. P., & Jari Siironen, M. P. A. P. (2015). Mortality in elderly patients operated for an acute subdural hematoma: A surgical case series. World Neurosurgery, 1–21. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.10.095

Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading Scale. (1988). Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading Scale. Journal of Neurosurgery, 68(6), 985–986

Rhoney, D. H., Tipps, L. B., Murry, K. R., Basham, M. C., Michael, D. B., & Coplin, W. M. (2000). Anticonvulsant prophylaxis and timing of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology, 55(2), 258–265CrossRefPubMed

Rincon, F., Mayer, S. A., Rivolta, J., Stillman, J., Boden-Albala, B., Elkind, M. S. V., et al. (2010). Impact of delayed transfer of critically ill stroke patients from the Emergency Department to the Neuro-ICU. Neurocritical Care, 13(1), 75–81. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9347-0 CrossRefPubMed

Rizos T, Dörner N, Jenetzky E, Sykora M, Mundiyanapurath S, Horstmann S, Veltkamp R, Rohde S, Bendszus M, Steiner T (2013) Spot signs in intracerebral hemorrhage: useful for identifying patients at risk for hematoma enlargement? Cerebrovasc Dis 35:582–589. doi: 10.1159/000348851 CrossRefPubMed

Ro, H. W., Park, S. K., Jang, D. K., Yoon, W. S., Jang, K. S., & Han, Y. M. (2015). Preoperative predictive factors for surgical and functional outcomes in chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Neurochirurgica. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-015-2625-z

Rønning, P., Sorteberg, W., Nakstad, P., Russell, D., & Helseth, E. (2008). Aspects of intracerebral hematomas–an update. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 118(6), 347–361. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01023.x CrossRefPubMed

Rosen, D. S., & Macdonald, R. L. (2005). Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review. Neurocritical Care, 2(2), 110–118. http://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:2:2:110 CrossRefPubMed

Salihu, A. T., Muthuraju, S., Idris, Z., Izaini Ghani, A. R., & Abdullah, J. M. (2015). Functional outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage – a review of the potential role of antiapoptotic agents. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 0(0). http://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2015-0046

Schebesch, K.-M., Woertgen, C., Rothoerl, R.-D., Ullrich, O.-W., & Brawanski, A. T. (2008). Cognitive decline as an important sign for an operable cause of dementia: chronic subdural haematoma. Zentralblatt Für Neurochirurgie, 69(2), 61–64. http://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1004582 CrossRefPubMed

Scotter, J., Hendrickson, S., Marcus, H. J., & Wilson, M. H. (2015). Prognosis of patients with bilateral fixed dilated pupils secondary to traumatic extradural or subdural haematoma who undergo surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emergency Medicine Journal: EMJ, 32(8), 654–659. http://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2014-204260 CrossRefPubMed

Stanisic, M., Lund-Johansen, M., & Mahesparan, R. (2005). Treatment of chronic subdural hematoma by burr-hole craniostomy in adults: influence of some factors on postoperative recurrence. Acta Neurochirurgica, 147(12), 1249–56– discussion 1256–7. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-005-0616-1 CrossRefPubMed

Sturgeon, J. D., Folsom, A. R., Longstreth, W. T., Shahar, E., Rosamond, W. D., & Cushman, M. (2007). Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in a pooled prospective study. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 38(10), 2718–2725. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.487090 CrossRefPubMed

Sudlow, C. L., & Warlow, C. P. (1997). Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International Stroke Incidence Collaboration. Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation, 28(3), 491–499. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=9056601&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Tanno, Y., Homma, M., Oinuma, M., Kodama, N., & Ymamoto, T. (2007). Rebleeding from ruptured intracranial aneurysms in North Eastern Province of Japan. A cooperative study. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 258(1-2), 11–16. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.074

Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet, 2(7872), 81–84CrossRefPubMed

Tierney, K. J., Nayak, N. V., Prestigiacomo, C. J., & Sifri, Z. C. (2015). Neurosurgical intervention in patients with mild traumatic brain injury and its effect on neurological outcomes. Journal of Neurosurgery, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.3171/2015.4.JNS142440

Ukkola, V., & Heikkinen, E. R. (1990). Epilepsy after operative treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Acta Neurochirurgica, 106(3-4), 115–118CrossRefPubMed

van Asch, C. J., Luitse, M. J., Rinkel, G. J., van der Tweel, I., Algra, A., & Klijn, C. J. (2010). Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology, 9(2), 167–176. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70340-0 CrossRefPubMed

Villablanca, J. P., Jahan, R., Hooshi, P., Lim, S., Duckwiler, G., Patel, A., et al. (2002). Detection and characterization of very small cerebral aneurysms by using 2D and 3D helical CT angiography. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 23(7), 1187–1198PubMed

Vlak, M. H., Algra, A., Brandenburg, R., & Rinkel, G. J. (2011). Prevalence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology, 10(7), 626–636. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70109-0 CrossRefPubMed

Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, Sahlas DJ, Gladstone DJ, Tomlinson G, Symons SP (2007) CT angiography „spot sign“ predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 38: 1257–1262. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000259633.59404.f3 CrossRefPubMed

Wartenberg, K. E., Schmidt, J. M., Claassen, J., Temes, R. E., Frontera, J. A., Ostapkovich, N., et al. (2006). Impact of medical complications on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical Care Medicine, 34 (3), 617–23–quiz 624CrossRefPubMed

Weimar, C., Weber, C., Wagner, M., Busse, O., Haberl, R. L., Lauterbach, K. W., et al. (2003). Management patterns and health care use after intracerebral hemorrhage. a cost-of-illness study from a societal perspective in Germany. Cerebrovascular Diseases, 15(1-2), 29–36. Retrieved from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=12499708&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Intrakranielle Blutungen
verfasst von: Th. Kretschmer
Th. Schmidt
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Neurologische Notfälle
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49774-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-49775-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49775-3_2

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten