Background
Methods
Patients
Total | Insulin treated | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin treated
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Yes | 31 | 48.4 | 31 | 100 | - | - |
No | 33 | 51.6 | - | - | 33 | 100 |
Age
|
Mean (SD)
|
Median (Min-Max)
|
Mean (SD)
|
Median (Min-Max)
|
Mean (SD)
|
Median (Min-Max)
|
64.9 (9.5) | 66.2 (37.0-80.7) | 65.0 (9.5) | 68.3 (37.0-80.7) | 64.7 (9.6) | 64.9 (46.1-80.3) | |
Sex
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Male | 37 | 57.8 | 17 | 54.8 | 20 | 60.6 |
Female | 27 | 42.2 | 14 | 45.2 | 13 | 39.4 |
Diabetes
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
No | 49 | 76.6 | 20 | 64.5 | 29 | 87.9 |
Yes | 15 | 23.4 | 11 | 35.5 | 4 | 12.1 |
Total | Insulin treated | Control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Insulin treated
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Yes | 23 | 50 | 23 | 100 | - | - |
No | 23 | 50 | - | - | 23 | 100 |
Age
|
Mean (SD)
|
Median (Min-Max)
|
Mean (SD)
|
Median (Min-Max)
|
Mean (SD)
|
Median (Min-Max)
|
65.0 (9.5) | 66.2 (37.0-80.3) | 64.7 (9.2) | 66.1 (37.0-77.6) | 65.3 (9.9) | 66.4 (46.1-80.3) | |
Sex
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Male | 27 | 58.7 | 11 | 47.8 | 16 | 69.6 |
Female | 19 | 41.3 | 12 | 52.2 | 7 | 30.4 |
Diabetes
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
No | 36 | 78.3 | 15 | 65.2 | 21 | 91.3 |
Yes | 10 | 21.7 | 8 | 34.8 | 2 | 8.7 |
RNA isolation
Reverse transcription
qPCR
Statistical analysis
Results
Effects of insulin on lung physiology
All patients N = 64 | Mean change | SD | Median change | Min | Max | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.03 | -0.16 | 0.19 |
0.001
|
pCO2
| 0.13 | 1.10 | 0.10 | -5.10 | 2.20 | 0.359 |
pO2
| -1.81 | 10.52 | -1.60 | -36.10 | 26.60 | 0.173 |
HCO3-
| -0.58 | 1.79 | -0.55 | -4.10 | 6.10 |
0.012
|
HCO3- std | -0.88 | 1.50 | -0.65 | -4.30 | 2.20 |
<0.001
|
BE | -1.20 | 1.75 | -0.90 | -5.80 | 1.60 |
<0.001
|
FiO2
| -0.02 | 0.19 | 0.00 | -0.60 | 0.50 | 0.461 |
pO2/FiO2
| -9.00 | 126.45 | -25.35 | -268.50 | 366.00 | 0.570 |
Insulin treated N = 31
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | -0.02 | 0.06 | -0.02 | -0.15 | 0.09 | 0.069 |
pCO2
| 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.10 | -1.20 | 2.20 | 0.675 |
pO2
| -2.01 | 7.72 | -2.10 | -25.80 | 12.50 | 0.158 |
HCO3-
| -0.12 | 1.83 | -0.30 | -4.10 | 6.10 | 0.719 |
HCO3- std | -0.53 | 1.39 | -0.30 | -3.60 | 2.20 |
0.044
|
BE | -0.77 | 1.52 | -0.50 | -4.60 | 1.60 |
0.008
|
FiO2
| 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.00 | -0.40 | 0.50 | 0.937 |
pO2/FiO2
| -21.38 | 99.68 | -30.00 | -204.00 | 162.75 | 0.242 |
Control N = 33
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | -0.04 | 0.07 | -0.04 | -0.16 | 0.19 |
0.005
|
pCO2
| 0.19 | 1.32 | 0.40 | -5.10 | 2.00 | 0.420 |
pO2
| -1.62 | 12.73 | -1.40 | -36.10 | 26.60 | 0.469 |
HCO3-
| -1.01 | 1.67 | -1.10 | -4.10 | 2.10 |
0.001
|
HCO3- std | -1.22 | 1.54 | -1.50 | -4.30 | 2.20 |
<0.001
|
BE | -1.61 | 1.88 | -1.70 | -5.80 | 1.30 |
<0.001
|
FiO2
| -0.03 | 0.19 | 0.00 | -0.60 | 0.40 | 0.362 |
pO2/FiO2
| 2.55 | 147.98 | 0 | -268.50 | 366.00 | 0.922 |
All patients N = 64 | Mean change | SD | Median change | Min | Max | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.02 | -0.13 | 0.19 |
0.019
|
pCO2
| -0.84 | 1.00 | -0.85 | -4.00 | 1.30 |
<0.001
|
pO2
| -12.02 | 10.79 | -11.05 | -48.80 | 15.40 |
<0.001
|
HCO3-
| -2.00 | 2.36 | -2.25 | -7.80 | 7.00 |
<0.001
|
HCO3- std | -1.15 | 1.98 | -1.05 | -6.30 | 2.60 |
<0.001
|
BE | -1.48 | 2.36 | -1.55 | -7.70 | 5.90 |
<0.001
|
Insulin treated N = 31
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | -0.10 | 0.17 |
0.008
|
pCO2
| -0.80 | 0.76 | -0.80 | -2.40 | 0.80 |
<0.001
|
pO2
| -12.52 | 9.53 | -9.70 | -37.20 | 3.50 |
<0.001
|
HCO3-
| -1.59 | 1.98 | -1.70 | -5.30 | 2.50 |
<0.001
|
HCO3- std | -0.77 | 1.73 | -0.90 | -4.40 | 2.10 |
0.019
|
BE | -1.11 | 1.92 | -1.40 | -5.90 | 2.90 |
0.003
|
Control N = 33
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | -0.13 | 0.19 | 0.377 |
pCO2
| -0.87 | 1.20 | -1.00 | -4.00 | 1.30 |
<0.001
|
pO2
| -11.55 | 11.98 | -11.30 | -48.80 | 15.40 |
<0.001
|
HCO3-
| -2.38 | 2.64 | -2.70 | -7.80 | 7.00 |
<0.001
|
HCO3- std | -1.50 | 2.16 | -1.50 | -6.30 | 2.60 |
<0.001
|
BE | -1.83 | 2.69 | -1.80 | -7.70 | 5.90 |
<0.001
|
Insulin treated N = 31 | Mean change | SD | Median change | Min | Max | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | -0.02 | 0.06 | -0.02 | -0.15 | 0.09 | 0.069 |
pCO2
| 0.06 | 0.81 | 0.10 | -1.20 | 2.20 | 0.675 |
pO2
| -2.01 | 7.72 | -2.10 | -25.80 | 12.50 | 0.158 |
HCO3-
| -0.12 | 1.83 | -0.30 | -4.10 | 6.10 | 0.719 |
HCO3- std | -0.53 | 1.39 | -0.30 | -3.60 | 2.20 |
0.044
|
BE | -0.77 | 1.52 | -0.50 | -4.60 | 1.60 |
0.008
|
FiO2
| 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.00 | -0.40 | 0.50 | 0.937 |
pO2/FiO2
| -21.38 | 99.68 | -30.00 | -204.00 | 162.75 | 0.242 |
Non-diabetes N = 20
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | -0.01 | 0.05 | -0.01 | -0.14 | 0.09 | 0.269 |
pCO2
| 0.01 | 0.76 | -0.10 | -1.20 | 1.60 | 0.930 |
pO2
| -1.04 | 5.98 | -1.40 | -10.90 | 12.50 | 0.448 |
HCO3-
| -0.22 | 1.89 | -0.40 | -4.10 | 6.10 | 0.617 |
HCO3- std | -0.47 | 1.37 | -0.30 | -3.60 | 1.90 | 0.141 |
BE | -0.69 | 1.56 | -0.40 | -4.60 | 1.60 | 0.062 |
FiO2
| -0.01 | 0.14 | 0.00 | -0.40 | 0.15 | 0.655 |
pO2/FiO2
| -12.98 | 84.60 | -25.35 | -184.58 | 162.75 | 0.500 |
Diabetes N = 11
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
P
|
pH | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.02 | -0.15 | 0.08 | 0.162 |
pCO2
| 0.15 | 0.93 | 0.20 | -1.00 | 2.20 | 0.614 |
pO2
| -3.78 | 10.27 | -3.70 | -25.80 | 8.40 | 0.250 |
HCO3-
| 0.05 | 1.80 | 0.10 | -3.20 | 2.80 | 0.922 |
HCO3- std | -0.63 | 1.49 | -0.80 | -2.50 | 2.20 | 0.193 |
BE | -0.92 | 1.50 | -0.50 | -3.40 | 1.30 | 0.070 |
FiO2
| 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.00 | -0.40 | 0.50 | 0.811 |
pO2/FiO2
| -36.53 | 125.63 | -63.75 | -204.00 | 148.73 | 0.357 |
Insulin treated N = 31 | Mean change | SD | Median change | Min | Max | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | -0.10 | 0.17 |
0.008
|
pCO2
| -0.80 | 0.76 | -0.80 | -2.40 | 0.80 |
<0.001
|
pO2
| -12.52 | 9.53 | -9.70 | -37.20 | 3.50 |
<0.001
|
HCO3-
| -1.59 | 1.98 | -1.70 | -5.30 | 2.50 |
<0.001
|
HCO3- std | -0.77 | 1.73 | -0.90 | -4.40 | 2.10 |
0.019
|
BE | -1.11 | 1.92 | -1.40 | -5.90 | 2.90 |
0.003
|
Non-diabetes N = 20
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | -0.10 | 0.13 |
0.030
|
pCO2
| -0.90 | 0.70 | -0.95 | -2.10 | 0.10 |
<0.001
|
pO2
| -12.64 | 7.92 | -11.75 | -29.20 | 2.80 |
<0.001
|
HCO3-
| -1.77 | 2.05 | -2.00 | -4.70 | 2.50 |
0.001
|
HCO3- std | -0.92 | 1.70 | -1.05 | -4.40 | 2.10 |
0.026
|
BE | -1.36 | 2.04 | -1.30 | -5.90 | 2.90 |
0.008
|
Diabetes N = 11
|
Mean change
|
SD
|
Median change
|
Min
|
Max
|
p
|
pH | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 | -0.07 | 0.17 | 0.148 |
pCO2
| -0.63 | 0.86 | -0.70 | -2.40 | 0.80 |
0.036
|
pO2
| -12.30 | 12.37 | -9.10 | -37.20 | 3.50 |
0.008
|
HCO3-
| -1.25 | 1.90 | -1.20 | -5.30 | 0.90 | 0.054 |
HCO3- std | -0.51 | 1.83 | -0.70 | -4.10 | 1.80 | 0.379 |
BE | -0.66 | 1.67 | -1.40 | -3.40 | 2.00 | 0.218 |
Effects of insulin on gene transcription
Gene | Insulin treated (N = 23) | Control (N = 23) | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | ||
SFTPA1 | 5.44 | 3.04 | 5.40 | 0.75 | 13.13 | 4.59 | 3.73 | 2.95 | 0.54 | 15.24 | 0.130 |
SFTPA2 | 12.00 | 11.54 | 8.69 | 1.47 | 46.53 | 6.47 | 3.87 | 5.06 | 1.95 | 13.64 | 0.095 |
SFTPB | 5.83 | 3.46 | 4.90 | 1.77 | 15.63 | 5.81 | 3.99 | 4.27 | 1.02 | 15.08 | 0.663 |
SFTPC | 59.95 | 33.14 | 58.22 | 12.55 | 138.14 | 54.51 | 51.26 | 34.22 | 2.70 | 190.68 | 0.238 |
SFTPD | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.14 | 1.04 | 0.45 | 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.91 | 0.601 |