Background
Methods
Study settings
Sr. No. | Ward name | No. of medical doctors | Paramedical staffa
| No of beds | Patient turn over (monthly) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chest Disease Unit | 25 | 23 | 60 | 295 |
2 | Ear Nose Throat | 16 | 15 | 42 | 176 |
3 | Gynecology | 20 | 29 | 75 | 346 |
4 | Medical 1 | 31 | 31 | 80 | 729 |
5 | Medical 2 | 35 | 28 | 75 | 753 |
6 | Nephrology | 7 | 10 | 40 | 63 |
7 | Orthopedics | 40 | 32 | 88 | 500 |
8 | Surgical 4 | 27 | 22 | 70 | 309 |
9 | Skin | 21 | 12 | 20 | 48 |
10 | Urology | 28 | 38 | 90 | 300 |
Study design and outcome variables
Study inclusion/exclusion criteria
Sampling and data collection
Hospital indicators
Patient Variables | Results | |
---|---|---|
n (%) | ||
Gender | Male | 446 (44.6) |
Female | 554 (55.4) | |
Age (years) | 18–35 | 276 (27.6) |
36–55 | 199 (19.9) | |
>55 | 525 (52.5) | |
Residence | Rural | 740 (74) |
Urban | 260 (26) | |
Incomea (Pakistani Rupees per annum) | <300,000 | 656 (65.6) |
300,000–1000,000 | 338 (33.8) | |
>1000,000 | 6 (0.6) | |
Comorbidity | Present | 554 (55.4) |
Absent | 454 (45.4) |
Prescribing, patient-care and supplemental indicators, and prescribing patterns of antimicrobials
Sr. No. | Parameter | Results |
---|---|---|
1 | Existence of DTC | Yes |
2 | Existence of STGs for infectious diseases | No |
3 | Existence of FL/EML | Yes |
4 | Total number of antimicrobials on the FL/EML | 25 generics |
5 | Are all medicines identified by INN | Yes |
6 | Availability of a set of key antimicrobials in the hospital stores on the day of study | 93.8% |
7 | Average number of days that a set of key antimicrobials is out of stock | 3.3 days/month |
8 | Total number of hospital discharges during the last calendar year | 128,940 |
9 | Surgical interventions performed during the last calendar year | Major = 28,257 |
Minor = 17,739 | ||
10 | Expenditure on antimicrobialsa as a percentage of the total hospital medicine costs | 12.2% |
Data analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics
Hospital indicators
Hospital Wards | Prescribing indicators | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percent of hospitalizations with one or more AMs | Average AMs per hospitalization in which AMs were prescribed (SD) | Percent of AMs prescribed from FL/EML | Average cost (USD) of AMs prescribed per hospitalization in which AMs were prescribed (SD) | Average duration of prescribed AMs treatment days (SD) | Percent of pneumonia patients who received AMs | Percent of patients who received AMs for Pneumonia in accordance with clinical guidelinesa
| Percent of AMs prescribed by INN | |
1. CDU | 91 | 1.2 (0.4) | 100 | 4.6 (8.7) | 5.4 (2.7) | 14 | 0 | 41.6 |
2. ENT | 89 | 1.3 (0.6) | 100 | 3.2 (2.3) | 5 (2.7) | 0 | - | 78.6 |
3. Gynecology | 91 | 2 (0) | 100 | 9.5 (5.6) | 6 (3.6) | 0 | - | 50 |
4. Medical 1 | 89 | 1.3 (0.6) | 98.9 | 5.8 (6.2) | 5 (3.4) | 8 | 0 | 20.5 |
5. Medical 2 | 91 | 1.3 (0.5) | 100 | 6.7 (9.4) | 5.4 (3.8) | 6 | 0 | 18.5 |
6. Nephrology | 63 | 1.3 (0.5) | 100 | 7.2 (10.2) | 7 (2.1) | 0 | - | 62.7 |
7. Orthopedics | 65 | 1.5 (0.7) | 100 | 3.4 (3.5) | 2.6 (1.3) | 0 | - | 65.7 |
8. Surgical 4 | 95 | 1.4 (0.7) | 100 | 6.9 (5.5) | 5.8 (3.3) | 0 | - | 8 |
9. Skin | 63 | 1.3 (0.6) | 100 | 2.4 (3.7) | 5.5 (2.6) | 0 | - | 12.1 |
10. Urology | 86 | 1.3 (0.5) | 100 | 3.6 (3.2) | 6.3 (3.3) | 0 | - | 55.6 |
Mean (SD)/Percentage | 82.3 | 1.4 (0.6) | 99.9 | 5.4 (6.7) | 5.4 (3.2) | 0.03 | 0 | 52.5 |
ANOVA | ----- |
p < 0.0051
| ----- |
p < 0.0051
|
p < 0.0051
| ------ | ------ | ----- |
Sr. No. | Parameters | Results |
---|---|---|
1 | Number of cesarean section cases | 100 |
2 | Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis prescribed for patients | 54 |
3 | Total number of doses of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis prescribed for cesarean section procedures | 65 |
4 | Average number of doses of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis prescribed for cesarean section procedures | 1.2 ± 0.4 |
5 | Percentage of patients who received surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis for cesarean section in accordance with clinical guidelinesa
| 0 |
Hospital Wards | Patient-care and supplemental indicators | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of AM doses prescribed Sum (mean ± SD) | Percent of doses of prescribed AM actually administered | Average duration of hospital stay of patients who received AM (SD) | Number of AM drug sensitivity tests reported per hospital admission with curative AM prescribed | |
1. CDU | 1134 (12.5 ± 7.7) | 100 | 5.8 (3.2) | 1 |
2. ENT | 1116 (12.5 ± 7.8) | 100 | 5.1 (2.8) | 0 |
3. Gynecology | 2635 (29 ± 17.1) | 100 | 6.3 (4.1) | 0 |
4. Medical 1 | 1188 (13.4 ± 11.4) | 100 | 5.9 (3.9) | 1 |
5. Medical 2 | 1231 (13.5 ± 10.2) | 100 | 5.9 (3.9) | 0 |
6. Nephrology | 1282 (20.4 ± 11.9) | 100 | 8.2 (2.8) | 0 |
7. Orthopedics | 452 (7 ± 5.3) | 100 | 3.5 (2.5) | 0 |
8. Surgical 4 | 1663 (17.5 ± 11.3) | 100 | 7.3 (5.8) | 0 |
9. Skin | 1049 (16.6 ± 8.2) | 100 | 7.5 (5.3) | 0 |
10. Urology | 1297 (15.1 ± 9.3) | 100 | 8.2 (5.1) | 0 |
Mean (SD)/ Percentage | 13047 (15.9 ± 12) | 100 | 6.4 (4.3) | 0.002% |
ANOVA |
p < 0.005*
| ----- |
p < 0.005 | ----- |
Prescribing indicators
Patient-care and supplemental indicators
Sr. No. | Antimicrobial | Route | WHO DDD | CDU | ENT | Gynecology | M 1 | M 2 | Nephrology | Orthopedics | S4 | Skin | Urology | Total | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amikacin 0.5 g | Parenteral | 1 g | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.92 | --- | --- | 2.38 | 4.3 | 2.15 g |
2 | Ampicillin 0.5 g | Parenteral | 2 g | --- | 10.51 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 10.51 | 10.51 g |
3 | Amoxiclav 0.625 g | Oral | 1 g | 2.48 | 2.60 | --- | 0.85 | 2.40 | 22.20 | --- | 8.13 | 81.28 | --- | 119.94 | 17.13 g |
4 | Amoxiclav 1.2 g | Parenteral | 3 g | 0.5 | 3.63 | --- | 6.52 | 3.39 | 89.8 | --- | 9.82 | 209.0 | --- | 322.66 | 46.09 g |
5 | Cefoperazone + Sulbactam 1 g | Parenteral | 4 g | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.33 | --- | --- | 16.13 | 19.46 | 9.73 g |
6 | Cefotaxime 0.25 g | Parenteral | 4 g | 0.28 | 2.62 | 1.62 | --- | --- | 1.74 | --- | 0.03 | --- | 0.32 | 6.61 | 1.1 g |
7 | Cefotaxime 1 g | Parenteral | 4 g | 1.93 | 17.42 | 16.61 | --- | --- | 20.6 | --- | 0.32 | --- | 2.68 | 59.56 | 9.92 g |
8 | Ceftriaxone 0.25 g | Parenteral | 2 g | 3.11 | 0.23 | --- | 1.64 | 0.99 | --- | 3.10 | 3.18 | 2.68 | 1.27 | 16.2 | 2.02 g |
9 | Ceftriaxone 1 g | Parenteral | 2 g | 18.4 | 7.38 | --- | 9.78 | 11.84 | --- | 14.61 | 28.27 | 37.24 | 5.82 | 133.34 | 16.7 g |
10 | Ciprofloxacin 0.4 g | Parenteral | 0.5 g | 9.37 | 14.54 | --- | 3.2 | 2.36 | 45.95 | 3.89 | 1.63 | 56.56 | 30.19 | 167.69 | 18.6 g |
11 | Ciprofloxacin 0.5 g | Oral | 1 g | 1.67 | 3.40 | --- | 0.73 | 0.57 | 18.14 | 1.02 | 0.37 | 22.72 | 12.78 | 61.4 | 6.82 g |
12 | Clarithromycin 0.25 g | Oral | 0.5 g | 3.55 | --- | --- | --- | 0.16 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.71 | 1.85 g |
13 | Clarithromycin 0.5 g | Oral | 0.5 g | 2.30 | --- | --- | 0.02 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.32 | 1.16 g |
14 | Clarithromycin 0.5 g | Parenteral | 1 g | 2.92 | --- | --- | 0.13 | 0.04 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.09 | 1.03 g |
15 | Gentamicin 0.12 g | Parenteral | 0.24 g | --- | 2.74 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 1.67 | --- | --- | 4.41 | 2.2 g |
16 | Metronidazole 0.4 g | Oral | 2 g | 1.21 | 1.13 | 4.43 | 0.5 | 0.47 | 2.56 | 0.20 | 2.49 | 4.29 | 0.1 | 17.38 | 1.73 g |
17 | Metronidazole 1 g | Parenteral | 1.5 g | 2.65 | 6.56 | 44.74 | 4.7 | 2.95 | 13.60 | 1.87 | 14.13 | 15.15 | 1.05 | 107.4 | 10.74 g |
18 | Moxifloxacin0.4 g | Parenteral | 0.4 g | 2.30 | --- | --- | 0.82 | 0.24 | 33.25 | --- | --- | --- | 1.05 | 37.66 | 7.53 g |
19 | Moxifloxacin 0.4 g | Oral | 0.4 g | 1.88 | --- | --- | 0.54 | --- | 18.14 | --- | --- | --- | 0.53 | 21.09 | 5.28 g |
20 | Vancomycin 0.5 g | Parenteral | 2 g | --- | --- | --- | 1.05 | 1.35 | 7.93 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 10.33 | 3.5 g |
Prescribing patterns of antimicrobials
Sr. No. | Antimicrobial name | ATC Code | No. of hospitalizations | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ceftriaxone | J01DD04 | 326 | 39.6 |
2 | Metronidazole | J01XD01 | 193 | 23.4 |
3 | Cefotaxime | J01DD01 | 190 | 23.1 |
4 | Amoxiclav | J01CR02 | 162 | 19.7 |
5 | Ciprofloxacin | J01MA02 | 110 | 13.4 |
6 | Cefoperazone | J01DD12 | 62 | 7.5 |
7 | Clarithromycin | J01FA09 | 22 | 2.7 |
8 | Moxifloxacin | J01MA14 | 20 | 2.4 |
9 | Cephradine | J01DB09 | 16 | 1.9 |
10 | Vancomycin | J01XA01 | 12 | 1.5 |
11 | Ampicillin | J01CA01 | 11 | 1.3 |
12 | Gentamicin | J01GB03 | 11 | 1.3 |
13 | Amikacin | J01GB06 | 8 | 1 |
Sr. No. | Antimicrobial combination | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
1 | Cefotaxime + Metronidazole | 95 (11.5) |
2 | Ceftriaxone + Metronidazole | 36 (4.4) |
3 | Ciprofloxacin + Metronidazole | 18 (2.2) |
4 | Amoxiclav + Metronidazole | 14 (1.7) |
5 | Ciprofloxacin + Cefoperazone/Sulbactam | 11 (1.3) |
6 | Ceftriaxone + Clarithromycin | 10 (1.2) |