Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with Yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres is recognized as a valuable minimally invasive treatment option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to the 2022 update of the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) treatment algorithm, TARE is recommended as an effective locoregional therapy for very early and early-stage HCC [
1]. Traditionally, TARE follows a two-step protocol: initial diagnostic and planning angiography combined with technetium-99 m-labeled macroaggregated albumin (MAA) injection, followed by the therapeutic administration of Y-90 microspheres. The first step is crucial for identifying extrahepatic vessels (risk for non-target embolization) and for quantifying the lung shunt fraction (LSF). Additionally, the injection of MAA aids in calculating the perfused volume, essential for treatment planning and dosimetry. …
