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Erschienen in: Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 1/2016

Open Access 01.12.2016 | Research article

Is hyperlipidemia a potential protective factor against intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery?

verfasst von: Qingshui Zheng, Qian Wang, Chaoqun Wu, Zhifa Wang, Hushan Ao

Erschienen in: Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery | Ausgabe 1/2016

Abstract

Background

Intraoperative awareness is a dreaded complication that leads to psychological sequelae such as posttraumatic stress disorder, especially in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This study investigated the incidence of awareness among patients receiving cardiac surgery and sought to identify the risk factors contributing to intraoperative awareness.

Methods

Patients with informed consent undergoing cardiac surgery from June to September in 2012 were enrolled. At least one structured interview was performed postoperatively with the modified Brice Interview Questionnaire to identify intraoperative awareness as confirmed awareness, possible awareness, and no awareness. Confirmed awareness events reported by patients were classified into different categories with the Michigan Awareness Classification Instrument. The questionnaire results were combined with the patient medical records. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors that may have led to intraoperative awareness.

Results

An estimated 2136 patients were included, and 1874 patients completed at least one interview. 83 patients (4.4 %) were identified as possible or confirmed awareness, among which 46 (2.5 %) reported confirmed awareness. Patients who experienced confirmed awareness were mostly of Class 1 and 2, 15 and 24 patients respectively, which represented isolated auditory and tactile perceptions. And 11 patients reported feelings of distress intraoperatively. Hyperlipidemia was associated with intraoperative awareness (OR = 0.499, 95 % CI = 0.252–0.989, p = 0.043) and using chi-square test, however, no significance was found with logistic regression.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at high risk for intraoperative awareness. Distress is a common feeling in patients with intraoperative awareness. Hyperlipidemia is a potential protective factor for intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery.
Hinweise
First co-authors are Qingshui Zheng and Qian Wang.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

QZ: Study design, patient recruitment, and data collection and writing up the first draft; QW: Study design, patient recruitment, and data collection; CW: Data analysis, data interpretation; ZW: Critical revision, final approval of publication; HA: Study conception and design, critical revision, final approval of publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Background

Intraoperative awareness is defined as “…the postoperative recollection of events occurring during general anesthesia”, [1] which is an infrequent but dreaded complication that occurs in patients undergoing general anesthesia at an incidence of 0.10–1.05 % among non-cardiac surgery reports (Table 1). It is relatively more frequent in cardiac surgery: reported as 6 % in China in 2009 by Xu et al. [2] and an unexpectedly high incidence of 23 % by Goldman et al. [3] in 1987. We found a rate of 3.0 % in 2013 [4]. Though Awareness with explicit recall is not a lethal complication, psychologically adverse symptoms, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) characterized by ‘re-experiencing, avoidance, and physiological hyperarousal’ [5] may develop, commonly and persistently, in the patients who experience anesthesia awareness [6]. Identification of risk factors contributing to awareness deserves further study, and corresponding strategies to prevent awareness during general anesthesia are justified.
Table 1
Incidence of intraoperative awareness in reported studies
Author
Country
Year
Incidence (%)
NON-CARDIAC SURGERY
 Myles, et al. [9]
Australia
2000
0.10
 Akavipat, et al. [10]
Thailand
2009
1.05
 Sebel, et al. [11]
U.S.A.
2004
0.13
 Sandin, et al. [12]
Sweden
2000
0.16
 Xu, et al. [2]
China
2009
0.41
CARDIAC SURGERY
 Maunuksela [16]
1977
5.0
 Goldmann, et al. [3]
1987
23
 Gordon, et al. [15]
South Africa
1994
1.1
 Wang Yun, et al. [17]
China
2005
6
 Xu, et al. [2]
China
2009
6
 Qian Wang, et al. [4]
China
2013
3.0

Methods

Patient population

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fuwai Hospital in Beijing, China. Patients with Written informed consents receiving selective cardiac surgery under general anesthesia from June to September in 2012 were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were patients older than 18 years, with normal mental status, and able to provide informed consent. Patients were excluded if they did not meet the criteria or were not able to complete the follow-up questionnaires: (1) died intra- or postoperatively in the hospital; (2) could not be extubated early within 3–6 days; (3) could not communicate readily; (4) had abnormal mental status.
A sample of 1525 patients was estimated initially based on our prior study [4] that found a rate of intraoperative awareness of 3.0 %. We took a possible loss-to-follow-up rate of 30 % into consideration and set the final sample target at 2136 patients.

Conduct of the study

Individual practitioners, who were blinded to the study, made anesthetic algorithms, including anesthetic drugs and depth of anesthesia monitoring case-by-case. All patients were transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for a period of postoperative sedation and ventilation, and then transferred to wards where the patients were awakened and extubated.
Each patient was interviewed by research staff with the modified Brice Interview [7]. The research staff classified each patient report into confirmed awareness, possible awareness, and no awareness on the basis of published definitions [8]. Events were classified according to the Michigan Awareness Classification Instrument [8]. Patients who reported awareness received follow-up interviews to determine if the events confirmed awareness. The occurrence of awareness during the ICU stay would be excluded.

Statistical analysis

The patient medical records were retrieved and combined with postoperative questionnaire results. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the incidence of intraoperative awareness of cardiac surgery. Comparisons of continuous variables between the “Confirmed Awareness” and “No Awareness or Possible Awareness” groups were conducted with the independent sample t-test, and categorical variables between groups with Fisher’s exact test or chi-square test, with or without Yates’ continuity correction. P values of less than or equal to 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. The statistical analyzes were performed with SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results

Patients

Figure 1 shows the selection of patients included. Of all the estimated 2136 patients, 230 were excluded because of rejection to or being not competent for informed consent, surgery cancelation, or preexisting hearing loss. One thousand nine hundred six patients entered the study during a 4-month period from June to September in 2012, and a total of 1874 patients completed the study. Thirty-two patients were excluded because they were lost to follow-up after surgery due to death (10 cases), insufficient or missing data (11 cases), being not competent for a structured interview, and other reasons (11 cases).

Occurrence of intraoperative awareness

Among the 1874 patients interviewed, 46 (2.5 %) were identified as confirmed awareness, 37 (1.9 %) as possible awareness, and 1791 (95.6 %) as no awareness. Detailed descriptions of recollections are listed in Table 2. Each patient who experienced confirmed awareness reported at least one event during general anesthesia. Figure 2 shows the timing of reported awareness events. Six-teen of the patients reported events that occurred during the period between anesthesia induction and skin incision, most of which were perceptions of intubation and central line placement; 18 reported events during surgery, not all known the exact timing of the surgery due to lack of exact markers of specific events; five reports were identified at the very end of the surgery; and 24 patients reported sounds, pains and perceptions but were not able to determine when they occurred.
Table 2
Descriptions of confirmed awareness reported by patients
Number
Gender and age
Surgery
Reported events
Michigan awareness classification
1
M/67
CABG
Formication; perception of central line placement; mild pain
Class 3
2
M/73
Bentall procedure
Precordial stabs; nausea
Class 2D
3
M/64
CABG
Operation on the chest
Class 2
4
M/30
Repair of aneurysm of aortic sinus, repair of VSD
Perception of central line placement
Class 2
5
F/53
MVR
Placement of nasal thermometer
Class 2
6
M/23
Modified Morrow procedure
A surgeon making explanations in a Tangshan accent
Class 1
7
M/65
Wheat procedure and CABG
Dreaming things back in decades ago; lower extremity operation
Class 2
8
M/66
CABG
Intubation
Class 2
9
M/40
Repair of aneurysm of aortic sinus
Intubation; operation, electroshock on heart
Class 2
10
M/67
CABG
Intubation, feeling nausea twice
Class 2D
11
M/60
CABG
Scalpel incision; voice from doctors
Class 2
12
M/60
CABG
Intubation; internal jugular vein catheterization
Class 2
13
M/65
CABG
Sensation of operation on chest and lower limb
Class 2
14
M/66
Resection of atrial myxoma, TVP
Feelings of bugs-like crawling on the chest
Class 2
15
M/38
ASD repair, TVP
Sensation of sounds from the respirator
Class 1
16
M/56
CABG
Heard the surgeons’ talking
Class 1
17
F/45
MVR, TVP
Heard the sounds of electric scalpel, like “chi, chi”
Class 1
18
F/18
ASD repair
Intubation; nausea; discomfort on the back
Class 2D
19
F/59
MVR, TVP
Operation
Class 2
20
M/49
CABG
Water dripping-like sounds of the machine; sensation of intubation and a severe feeling of nausea
Class 2D
21
F/56
CABG
Sensation of the operation; severe pain, being unable to move
Class 5
22
M/55
Correction of aberrant of pulmonary artery, TVP
Sounds of the machine in the operation room
Class 1
23
M/34
Replacement of aortic root and ascending aorta
Sounds of a scalpel and scissor
Class 1
24
F/51
Replacement of ascending aorta
Heard the surgeon talking about the electric defibrillations, of which only the third time worked
Class 1
25
F/60
MVR, AVR, TVP
Heard the surgeon said the operation was well finished; intubation; felt nausea twice
Class 2D
26
F/50
MVP
Dreaming, cannot afford details; heard the surgeon’s talking; central line placement
Class 2
27
M/58
CABG
Lower limb operation
Class 2
28
M/74
CABG
Intubation; felt nausea; sensation of the operation on the chest
Class 2D
29
M/62
CABG
Operation on chest with burning heat
Class 2
30
F/30
Repair of ASD, TVP
Sounds like sawing wood
Class 1
31
F/31
Repair of ASD, TVP
Voice, such as “pass the scalpel to me”
Class 1
32
M/43
Modified Morrow procedure
Operation on chest; severe pain, wanting for more anesthetics
Class 3D
33
M/60
CABG
Felt awake for a long time and felt like breathing with effort
Class 1D
34
M/52
Bentall procedure
Heard “chi-chi” like sounds
Class 1
35
M/46
MVR, AVR, TVP
Heard the surgeon said the operation will be finished in an hour; heard the “dong-dong” like sounds
Class 1
36
M/37
MVR
Dreaming of receiving cardiac surgery; sensed the central line placement
Class 2
37
F/48
MVR, TVP, and PDA repair
Scissors cutting on the chest; mild pain
Class 3
38
M/60
CABG
Operation on chest and lower limb
Class 2
39
M/41
CABG
Something dragged down from the chest; unable to move; central line placement
Class 4
40
M/59
MVR, CABG
“chi-chi” sound
Class 1
41
M/34
CABG
Dreaming of the lifetime in high school; heard the surgeon said the operation was almost finished
Class 1
42
F/58
CABG
Heard the surgeon said 5 bypass grafts were done, and the 2 nurses had done a great job
Class 1
43
M/40
AVR
Intubation; unable to move; afraid
Class 4D
44
M/57
CABG
Chest stuffy, unable to speak
Class 4D
45
M/56
Replacement of descending aorta
Intubation; nausea
Class 2D
46
M/54
CABG
Heard the surgeon said the operation was well done; felt his chest stabbed 4–5 times.
Class 2
Abbreviations: CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, MVR mitral valve replacement, AVR aortic valve replacement, TVP tricuspid valvuloplasty, PDA patent ductusarteriosus
Reports of confirmed awareness were classified into six levels, from Class 0 to 5, and an additional D for “distress” was included, according to the Michigan Awareness Classification Instrument (Fig. 3).

Risk factors for intraoperative awareness

Table 3 shows the demographic characteristics of patients with confirmed awareness, compared with patients who had no awareness or possible awareness. Patients who reported confirmed awareness had a lower rate of hyperlipidemia (23.9 % vs. 38.6 %, p = 0.043, OR = 0.499, 95 % CI = 0.252–0.989) and had a shorter duration of surgery (195.0 ± 52.0 min vs. 225.2 ± 82.4 min, p = 0.013), compared with the other patients. And patients who were young than 60 years old age showed a higher rate of awareness than those who were elder than 60 (1.9 % vs. 0.5 %, p = 0.026). No differences were seen in other pre- and intraoperative factors. And no significance was found between hyperlipidemia and awareness when age, hyperlipidemia and duration of operation were entered into logistic regression. (p = 0.159, OR = 0.604, 95 % CI = 0.300–1.218) (Table 4).
Table 3
Demographic characteristics of study population (n = 1874)
Characteristic
No awareness or possible awareness
Confirmed awareness
P Value
Age-no. (%)
0.026*
  < 60 year old
1137 (60.7)
36 (1.9)
  > 60 year old
691 (36.9)
10 (0.5)
Male-no. (%)
1212 (66.3)
33 (73.9)
0.28
Height-cm
165.7 ± 8.7
166.1 ± 8.1
0.80
Weight-kg
68.0 ± 12.4
67.7 ± 12.9
0.88
BMI
24.8 ± 6.5
24.4 ± 3.7
0.67
Blood group-no. (%)
0.34
 A
511 (28.1)
16 (34.8)
 B
607 (33.4)
18 (39.1)
 AB
188 (10.4)
2 (4.3)
 O
510 (28.4)
10 (21.7)
Existing risk factors-no. (%)
 Smoking
824 (45.1)
21 (47.8)
0.72
 Alcohol consumption
236 (12.9)
5 (10.9)
0.68
 Hypertension
860 (47.1)
15 (32.6)
0.052
 Hyperlipidemia
705 (38.6)
11 (23.9)
0.043*
 Diabetes mellitus
342 (18.7)
6 (13.0)
0.33
 Chronic kidney disease
13 (0.7)
1 (2.2)
0.30
 Chronic liver disease
21 (1.2)
0 (0)
1.00
 Cerebrovascular events
39 (2.1)
1 (2.2)
1.00
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
43 (2.4)
0 (0)
0.62
 History of general anesthesia
411 (22.5)
6 (13.0)
0.13
 History of cardiac infarction
320 (17.5)
7 (15.2)
0.68
 ASA status-no. / total no. (%)
0.48
  I
11 (0.61)
1 (2.2)
  II
533 (29.5)
16 (34.8)
  III
1167 (64.5)
27 (58.7)
  IV
97 (5.4)
2 (4.3)
 NYHA grade
0.53
  Lower than Grade 1
510 (27.9)
9 (20.0)
  Grade 1
177 (9.7)
7 (15.2)
  Grade 2
779 (42.7)
21 (45.7)
  Grade 3
340 (18.6)
9 (20.0)
  Grade 4
20 (1.1)
0 (0)
 Ejection fraction (%)
61.2 ± 8.7
62.3 ± 7.6
0.40
Duration of surgery-min
225.2 ± 82.4
195.0 ± 52.0
0.013*
Cardiopulmonary Bypass-no. (%)
1321 (72.3)
30 (68.2)
0.95
Duration of CPB-min
106.2 ± 47.4
91.2 ± 40.0
0.071
Aortic clamping time-min
71.7 ± 32.1
62.6 ± 33.3
0.11
Plusminus values are means ± SD
Abbreviations: BMI denotes body-mass index, ASA denotes American Society of Anesthesiologists, NYHA grade denotes New York Heart Association grade, CPB is cardiopulmonary bypass
Table 4
Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for confirmed awareness
 
B
S.E.
Wald
df
P value
OR
95 % CI for OR
Lower
Upper
Hyperlipidemia
−0.504
0.358
1.984
1
0.159
0.604
0.300
1.218
Age
−0.623
0.369
2.854
1
0.091
0.536
0.260
1.105
Duration of Operation
−0.006
0.002
5.593
1
0.018
0.094
0.990
0.999
Constant
−1.650
0.623
7.006
1
0.008
0.192
Abbreviations: OR denotes odds ratio, CI confidence interval

Discussion

Incidence

In the present study, we found the awareness rate in cardiac surgery was 2.5 %, which was considerably higher than that in general surgery [2, 912]. Several factors may have contributed to the higher occurrence of anesthesia awareness. Patients are particularly vulnerable to awareness during painful procedures such as sternotomy, electrocauterization, or any surgical manipulations and strong stimulations like endotracheal intubation [3]. Publications what address risk factors for more frequent awareness in cardiac procedures also mention compromised hemodynamics, insufficient anesthesia or analgesia that may have resulted from underdosing of anesthetic agents related to a patient’s specific requirements [13], and alterations in pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of drugs during cardiopulmonary bypass [14].
The awareness rate in this investigation differed notably from other studies in cardiac surgery [24, 1517]. The differences might be explained by methodology [18], human factors [18], and race; other factors that may have influenced the assessed awareness rate were the definition of awareness. Study methodology, including the number of patient interviews and especially the time elapsed after surgery when the patients were interviewed, and characteristics of the patients, as well as the number of patients evaluated. Another factor that likely influences inter-study comparability are the differences in routine practice between hospitals and between anesthesiologists, which is difficult to control in an analysis. Also, the ethnic difference may partially lead to the different results. Non-Chinese patients were enrolled in most of the prior studies, whereas all the patients in the present study were Ethnic Chinese. An ethnic difference has been reported in certain fields, like blood coagulation function and the fibrinolysis system [19, 20], along with differences in responses to special drugs, such as warfarin [21, 22].

Distribution of the timing of intraoperative awareness

In this study, 16 patients reported events that occurred after anesthesia induction, but prior to the skin incision, of which mostly are endotracheal intubation and central line placement. Although analgesics like fentanyl will blunt hemodynamic responses to intubation to some degree, attempting to attenuate arousal of cerebral cortical activity has failed [23]. When a difficult airway is presented, multiple strong stimulations of intubation attempting might contribute to more frequent occurrences of explicit recall. Meanwhile, the depth of anesthesia will lower down once the maintenance of anesthesia is not scheduled during the attempting. During operation 18 patients experienced awareness, not being able to recognize the exact timing of the events. Only few events were well identified by specific time or manipulations, especially auditory perceptions and general manipulations that might occur throughout surgery. Five complaints occurred at the end of the surgery, which was when the depth of anesthesia was lowest to adapt to the reduced stimuli and avoid further compromising hemodynamics.

Michigan Awareness Classification

Confirmed awareness graded by the Michigan Awareness Classification is shown in Fig. 3. While the majority of awareness events in Classes 1 and 2 were related to auditory and tactile perceptions (39 of the 46 confirmed awareness events), only seven cases with mild-to-severe pain, with or without a sensation of paralysis, were classified as Grade 3 to 5. Meanwhile, 11 patients (24 %) experienced distress from fear, nausea and being unable to speak. In a previous prospective randomized trial, five out of nine patients had confirmed awareness of Class 1 and 2, and five out of nine cases experienced distress [24]. These finding demonstrated that patients were more likely to experience a lower class of intraoperative awareness. However, distress during the period of awareness was frequently found. Therefore, careful postoperative follow-up should be arranged for patients complaining of awareness.

Hyperlipidemia and awareness

As shown in Table 3, patients who reported confirmed awareness had a shorter duration of surgery (195.0 ± 52.0 min vs. 225.2 ± 82.4 min, p = 0.013, OR = 0.994, 95 % CI = 0.990–0999), compared with the other patients. However, as the odds ratio is proximal to the value 1, duration of operation won’t be considered as a significant index for establishing a risk factor for the patients’ intraoperative awareness.
Interestingly, this study indicated that hyperlipidemia was negatively related to anesthesia awareness using chi-square tests, demonstrating that hyperlipidemia is a potential protective factor against intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery. As the elder people suffer hyperlipidemia more frequently, to clarify that hyperlipidemia is an independent protective factor rather than a coincidence with old age, a logistic regression where age, duration of operation and hyperlipidemia were entered into was done and found no association between hyperlipidemia and awareness.
However, an animal experiment conducted in mice revealed that high cholesterol level increases the anti-nociceptive effect of opioids and an analysis of the clinical records in the China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Beijing, China) was carried out to conclude that there exists a reverse correlation between the serum cholesterol and opioid efficacy in human [25]. As patients are subjected to awareness more often during painful procedures such as sternotomy and strong stimulations such as endotracheal intubation [3], the enhanced analgesia effect of opioids in the patients with hyperlipidemia like hypercholesterolemia will lower down the occurrence of anesthesia awareness. Nevertheless, a prospective cohort study is needed to reveal the relationship between hyperlipidemia and awareness. The coming era of translational medicine promises to clarify whether genetic variations contribute to a possibly lower risk of intraoperative awareness among patients with hyperlipidemia.

Limitations

One of the limitations would be the timing for interviews. Since it is difficult to determine when patients will regain consciousness and as a result of the disability to communicate while still remain intubated for compromised hemodynamics, it is tough for the researchers to initiate the first interview at the appropriate time. Similarly, the patients would be discharged after surgery in 1 to 2 weeks, making it relative limited time for research staff to conduct the follow-up questionnaires. Since patients mostly report intraoperative awareness within 30 days, the true incidence of awareness may have been higher.
Another consideration is that the lack of appropriate hallmarks for identifying the specific timing of each reported events had complicated the analysis of the risk factors.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery are at relatively higher risk for intraoperative awareness. Distress during awareness as an outstanding discomfort during the surgery with implications for postoperative psychological complications in the hospital and long-term outcomes following the awareness, deserves the attention of anesthesiologists. Hyperlipidemia is a potential protective factor for intraoperative awareness for patients receiving cardiac surgery.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our great appreciation to Pro. Hushan Ao and Pro. Zhifa Wang for their valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. And our grateful thanks are also extended to the staffs of the Department of the SICU, for their support of our work. We also would like to express special thanks to Dr. Lei Li, and Mr. Sipeng Chen for their critical suggestions on data collection and data analysis.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://​creativecommons.​org/​publicdomain/​zero/​1.​0/​) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

QZ: Study design, patient recruitment, and data collection and writing up the first draft; QW: Study design, patient recruitment, and data collection; CW: Data analysis, data interpretation; ZW: Critical revision, final approval of publication; HA: Study conception and design, critical revision, final approval of publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Metadaten
Titel
Is hyperlipidemia a potential protective factor against intraoperative awareness in cardiac surgery?
verfasst von
Qingshui Zheng
Qian Wang
Chaoqun Wu
Zhifa Wang
Hushan Ao
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2016
Verlag
BioMed Central
Erschienen in
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery / Ausgabe 1/2016
Elektronische ISSN: 1749-8090
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-016-0454-7

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