Introduction
Methods
Study population
Measures
Health care use
Socioeconomic outcomes
Personality
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
N
| Hospital admission (no, yes) | High GP costs (no, yes) | High hospital costs (no, yes) | Medication use (no, yes) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Final education | |||||
High | 5744 | 192 (3.3%) | 891 (15.5%) | 911 (15.9%) | 852 (14.8%) |
Medium | 3130 | 170 (5.4%) | 616 (19.7%) | 635 (20.3%) | 544 (17.4%) |
Low | 4058 | 277 (6.8%) | 938 (23.1%) | 954 (23.5%) | 736 (18.1%) |
Income | |||||
High | 4542 | 158 (3.5%) | 737 (16.2%) | 752 (16.6%) | 683 (15.0%) |
Medium | 4416 | 265 (6.0%) | 887 (20.1%) | 913 (20.7%) | 742 (16.8%) |
Low | 3974 | 216 (5.4%) | 821 (20.7%) | 835 (21.0%) | 707 (17.8%) |
Low final education | Low income | High hospital admission | High GP costs | High hospital costs | Medication use | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 12,274 |
N = 12,538 |
N = 12,932 |
N = 12,932 |
N = 12,932 |
N = 12,932 | |
Conscientiousness | ||||||
Mediuma
|
1.27 (1.12, 1.44)
| 0.99 (0.88, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) |
Lowa
|
1.56 (1.37, 1.77)
|
1.13 (1.02, 1.27)
| 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) |
Extraversion | ||||||
Mediuma
| 0.91 (0.79, 1.03) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) |
0.79 (0.65, 0.97)
| 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) |
Lowa
| 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.24) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) |
Agreeableness | ||||||
Mediuma
| 1.06 (0.93, 1.22) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) |
Lowa
|
1.55 (1.36, 1.77)
|
0.84 (0.74, 0.94)
| 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.08) |
Emotional stability | ||||||
Mediuma
|
1.15 (1.01, 1.31)
| 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.23) |
Lowa
|
1.45 (1.27, 1.64)
| 1.05 (0.93, 1.17) |
1.24 (1.02, 1.52)
|
1.21 (1.08, 1.35)
|
1.23 (1.10, 1.37)
|
1.39 (1.23, 1.56)
|
Openness to experience | ||||||
Mediuma
| 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) |
0.82 (0.74, 0.92)
| 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) |
Lowa
| 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) |
0.78 (0.69, 0.87)
| 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.82, 1.03) |
0.86 (0.77, 0.97)
|
Hospital admissions (no, yes) | High GP costs (no, yes) | High hospital costs (no, yes) | Medication use (no, yes) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mediuma
| Low | Mediuma
| Low | Mediuma
| Low | Mediuma
| Low | |
Final education | ||||||||
Model 0 unadjusted for personality |
1.68 (1.36, 2.08)
|
2.21 (1.81, 2.69)
|
1.32 (1.18, 1.49)
|
1.63 (1.46, 1.82)
|
1.34 (1.19, 1.50)
|
1.63 (1.46, 1.81)
|
1.25 (1.10, 1.41)
|
1.39 (1.24, 1.57)
|
Model 1 adjusted for conscientiousness |
1.68 (1.35, 2.08)
|
2.20 (1.81, 2.69)
|
1.32 (1.18, 1.49)
|
1.63 (1.47, 1.82)
|
1.34 (1.19, 1.50)
|
1.63 (1.46, 1.82)
|
1.25 (1.11, 1.41)
|
1.39 (1.24, 1.57)
|
Model 2 adjusted for extraversion |
1.68 (1.36, 2.07)
|
2.21 (1.81, 2.69)
|
1.32 (1.18, 1.48)
|
1.63 (1.46, 1.82)
|
1.34 (1.19, 1.50)
|
1.63 (1.46, 1.81)
|
1.25 (1.10, 1.41)
|
1.39 (1.24, 1.57)
|
Model 3 adjusted for agreeableness |
1.67 (1.35, 2.07)
|
2.20 (1.80, 2.69)
|
1.33 (1.18, 1.49)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.83)
|
1.35 (1.19, 1.51)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.82)
|
1.25 (1.11, 1.41)
|
1.39 (1.24, 1.57)
|
Model 4 adjusted for emotional stability |
1.67 (1.35, 2.07)
|
2.19 (1.79, 2.67)
|
1.32 (1.17, 1.48)
|
1.62 (1.45, 1.80)
|
1.33 (1.19, 1.49)
|
1.61 (1.45, 1.79)
|
1.24 (1.09, 1.39)
|
1.37 (1.22, 1.55)
|
Model 5 adjusted for openness to experience |
1.68 (1.36, 2.09)
|
2.21 (1.81, 2.70)
|
1.33 (1.19, 1.49)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.83)
|
1.35 (1.20, 1.52)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.83)
|
1.26 (1.12, 1.43)
|
1.40 (1.25, 1.58)
|
Model 6 adjusted for all personality traits |
1.68 (1.36, 2.08)
|
2.20 (1.80, 2.69)
|
1.33 (1.18, 1.49)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.83)
|
1.35 (1.20, 1.51)
|
1.64 (1.47, 1.83)
|
1.26 (1.11, 1.42)
|
1.40 (1.25, 1.58)
|
Own income | ||||||||
Model 0 unadjusted for personality |
1.68 (1.37, 2.06)
|
1.54 (1.25, 1.91)
|
1.19 (1.07, 1.34)
|
1.25 (1.12, 1.40)
|
1.21 (1.09, 1.35)
|
1.25 (1.11, 1.39)
| 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.27) |
Model 1 adjusted for conscientiousness |
1.67 (1.37, 2.05)
|
1.53 (1.24, 1.89)
|
1.19 (1.07, 1.34)
|
1.25 (1.12, 1.40)
|
1.21 (1.09, 1.35)
|
1,25 (1.11, 1.39)
| 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) |
Model 2 adjusted for extraversion |
1.68 (1.37, 2.06)
|
1.54 (1.25, 1.91)
|
1.19 (1.07, 1.34)
|
1.25 (1.12, 1.40)
|
1.21 (1.08, 1.35)
|
1.25 (1.11, 1.39)
| 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) |
Model 3 adjusted for agreeableness |
1.68 (1.37, 2.06)
|
1.55 (1.25, 1.91)
|
1.20 (1.07, 1.34)
|
1.25 (1.12, 1.40)
|
1.21 (1.09, 1.35)
|
1.25 (1.12, 1.39)
| 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.27) |
Model 4 adjusted for emotional stability |
1.67 (1.36, 2.04)
|
1.53 (1.23, 1.89)
|
1.19 (1.07, 1.33)
|
1.24 (1.11, 1.39)
|
1.21 (1.08, 1.35)
|
1.24 (1.11, 1.39)
| 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | 1.12 (0,99, 1.26) |
Model 5 adjusted for openness to experience |
1.68 (1.37, 2.06)
|
1.54 (1.25, 1.91)
|
1.20 (1.08, 1.34)
|
1.25 (1.12, 1.40)
|
1.21 (1.09, 1.35)
|
1.25 (1.11, 1.39)
| 1.04 (0.86, 1.08) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) |
Model 6 adjusted for all personality traits |
1.67 (1.36, 2.05)
|
1.54 (1.24, 1.90)
|
1.19 (1.07, 1.33)
|
1.24 (1.11, 1.39)
|
1.21 (1.08, 1.35)
|
1.24 (1.11, 1.39)
| 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) |