Introduction
Case presentation
Discussion
Literature | Year | Age | Gender | Mechanism | Exam | Surgery? | Long-term deficits | Other features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orrison17
| 1986 | 8 years | M | MVA while riding bike | GCS 3, polytrauma, blown pupils and no brain stem reflexes | Evacuation of parietal hematoma (not for RCH) | Died | Odontoid fracture, rupture of transverse ligament, brain stem contusion, pontine hemorrhage, 4th ventricle hemorrhage |
Kurosu22
| 1990 | 11 years | F | MVA while crossing street | GCS 7, quadriparesis | No | Slight right arm paresis | Spheno-occipital synchondrosis’ diastasis |
Papadopoulos19
| 1991 | 10 years | M | MVA while crossing street on bicycle | GCS 4, bilateral 6th, quadraparesis, shallow respirations | Evacuation of hematoma via posterolateral approach, then posterior fusion | None | AOD |
Marks38
| 1997 | 8 years | F | MVA | GCS 6, quadriplegia, apneic | transoral evacuation, posterior stabilization | Mild left hemiparesis, able to walk unaided | AAD |
Mizushima34
| 1998 | 8 years | M | MVA while crossing street | GCS 7, bilateral 6th, mild bilateral arm paresis | No | None | AAD |
Suliman21
| 2001 | 16 years | M | MVA versus a tree | GCS 8, paresis of 9, 12 th cranial nerves, right hemiparesis | No | None | Left occipital condyle fracture |
Yang36
| 2003 | 5 years | M | MVA while crossing street | GCS 7, poor spontaneous respiration, right side hemipareis/poor fine motor control | No | None | *** |
Agrawal33
| 2006 | 8 years | F | MVA | GCS 7, bilateral 6th, left 12th palsy | No | None | *** |
Paterakis16
| 2005 | 10 years | M | MVA | GCS 13, right 6th, right 9th cranial nerve, partial 7th | No | Minimal 6th palsy | Clival fracture |
Guillaume13
| 2006 | 5 years | F | MVA versus tractor trailer | GCS 8, right gaze preference, right hemiparesis | No | Mild spastic quadriparesis | *** |
Guillaume13
| 2006 | 8 years | M | MVA | Confused but alert, following commands | No | None | *** |
Vera20
| 2007 | 5 years | F | MVA | GCS 3, fixed/dilated pupils/cardiorespiratory arrest/polytrauma/obstructive hydrocephalus | EVD | Died | AOD |
Kwon14
| 2008 | 11 years | F | MVA | GCS 15, bilateral 6th palsy, uvula deviation to left, weak tongue | No | None | *** |
Tubbs39
| 2010 | Mean 12 years | 5 male and 3 female patients | MVA-related | Mean GCS 8 | 2 patients with stabilization | 2 died, 4 patients are neurologically intact, 1 patient had a complete upper cervical spinal cord injury, 1 patient had mild bilateral abducens nerve palsy | 2 AOD |
Becco de Souza32
| 2011 | 8 years | F | MVA | GCS 15, bilateral 6th | No | None | *** |
McDougall30
| 2011 | 10 years | F | MVA | GCS 14, right 6th palsy | No | Minimal 6th nerve palsy | *** |
Tahir12
| 2011 | 12 years | F | MVA | GCS 11, right hemiparesis | No | Improving right hemiparesis | *** |
Silvera9
| 2014 | 2 months | F | Abuse | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Silvera9
| 2014 | 1 months | M | Abuse | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Silvera9
| 2014 | 13 months | M | Abuse | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Silvera9
| 2014 | 30 months | F | Abuse (both SDH and EDH) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Silvera9
| 2014 | 1 months | F | Abuse (both SDH and EDH) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Dal Bo3
| 2015 | 2 years | M | Spontaneous, neck pain | NF | No | None | *** |
Literature | Year | Age (years) | Gender | Mechanism | Exam | Surgery? | Long-term deficits | Other features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tomaras8
| 1995 | 36 | M | Spontaneous | GCS 15, left 7th nerve palsy | No | None | |
Goodman24
| 1997 | 62 | M | Pituitary apoplexy | Chiasmal syndrome | Pituitary resection | Improvement of chiasmal syndrome | Resection of hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma |
Calli27
| 1998 | 42 | M | Status post posterior fossa decompressive surgery for cerebellar infarct | *** | Posterior fossa decompressive surgery, not for RCH | *** | *** |
Khan15
| 2000 | 19 | M | MVA | GCS 12, right 3rd palsy, dilated nonreactive right pupil failing, bilateral 6th palsy, right 7th palsy, bilateral conductive hearing deficit | No | Partial improvement right 6th and 3rd, recovery of left 6th. stable 7th paresis, no hearing deficits | Fracture of the posterior clinoid and clivus extending into the sphenoid sinus |
Ratilal31
| 2006 | 26 | F | MVA | GCS 13, bilateral 6th, bilateral V3 numbness, left 12th palsy | No | Mild diplopia on extreme lateral eye movements and left tongue deviation | *** |
Cho7
| 2009 | 36 | M | Spontaneous (dilated cervical epidural veins) | NF | No | None | Bilateral supratentorial SDH, epidural venous engorgement |
Datar37
| 2013 | 75 | M | Tripped on rug, head trauma | NF | Posterior fusion | Died | oumadin coagulopathy |
Perez18
| 2013 | 68 | M | MVA | GCS 15 | No | Died | Odontoid fracture, cardiorespiratory arrest |
Literature | Year | Age (years) | Gender | Mechanism | Exam | Surgery? | Long-term deficits | Other features |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Narvid4
| 2015 | 58 | M | Spontaneous | NF | None | None | IVH |
64 | F | Spontaneous | NF | None | None | *** | ||
64 | M | Spontaneous | Diplopia | None | None | IVH | ||
67 | M | Spontaneous | Unresponsive in the Emergency Department | None | None | IVH | ||
Azizyan23
| 2015 | Mean 55 | 8 M, 2 F | Pituitary apoplexy | 9 of 10 exhibited ophthalmoplegia | 8 of 10 surgery for pituitary, did not address RCH | *** | *** |
Mohamed1
| 2013 | 37 | M | Pituitary apoplexy | Left 3rd, left temporal field cut, decreased visual acuity bilaterally | surgery for pituitary | Partial improvement in the patient’s third nerve palsy and visual acuity | *** |
Krishnan28
| 2013 | 59 | F | Thrombocytopenia | Flexing both upper limbs to pain, Both plantars were extensor | None | Died | Left convexity SDH |
Schievink5
| 2001 | 49 | F | Spontaneous | NF | None | None | *** |
Sridhar35
| 2010 | 19 | M | Fall from moving bus | NF | None | None | *** |
van Rijn6
| 2003 | 72 | M | Spontaneous | Bilateral 6th, bilateral leg paresis | *** | *** | *** |
Kim25
| 2012 | 83 | F | Pcomm aneurysmal rupture |
Confusion
| Coil embo for aneurysm | None | *** |
Brock26
| 2010 | 42 | F | Infraclinoid aneurysm | 3rd, 4th right paresis | Aneursym clipping | None | *** |
Literature | Year | Age | Gender | Mechanism | Exam | Surgery? | Long-term deficits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahn40
| 2005 | 4 years | M | Fall, four-story window | Left side hemiparesis | None | None |
Myers29
| 1995 | 17 years | M | Hemophilia, slipped on ice and hit head | Comatose, fixed dilated pupils, no brain stem reflexes | Died | |
Casey2
| 2009 | 18 years | M | Trivial head injury | GCS 13 | None | None |
Sridhar35
| 2010 | 18 years | M | Fall from two-wheeler | Bilateral 6th | Yes, evacuation of RCH | None |
Silvera9
| 2014 | 3 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** |
1 months | F | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
3 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
1 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
36 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
30 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
7 months | F | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
7 months | F | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
3 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
4 months | F | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
4 months | M | Abusive | *** | *** | *** | ||
30 months | F | Abusive | *** | *** | *** |