Background
Methods
Design and setting
Overview of the translation processes
Step 1: Initial Translation | - two translations (FT1 &FT2) - into target language - informed + uniformed translator | Written report for each version (FT1 & FT2) | Step 10: submission and appraisal of all written reports by developer |
Step 2: 1st Synthesis | - synthesize FT1 & FT2 into FT-12 - resolve discrepancies with translators’ reports | Written report | |
Step 3: 1st Back Translation | - two English first-language - naïve to outcome measurement - work from FT-12 version - create 2 back translations FBT1 & FBT2 | Written report for each version (FBT1 & FBT2) | |
Step 4: 2nd Translation | - two NEW translations (ST1 & ST2) - into target language - informed + uniformed translator | Written report for each version (ST1 & ST2) | |
Step 5: 2nd Synthesis | - synthesize ST1 & ST2 into ST-12 - resolve discrepancies with translators’ reports | Written report | |
Step 6: 2nd Back Translation | - two NEW English first-language - naïve to outcome measurement - work from ST-12 version - create 2 back translations SBT1 & SBT2 | Written report for each version (SBT1 & SBT2) | |
Step 7: Expert committee review | - methodologist, developer, language professional, translators - review all reports - reach consensus on discrepancies - produce pre-final version | Written report | |
Step 8: Pretesting | - cognitive debriefing - probe to get at understanding of item/paraphrasing | Written report | |
Step 9: Independent committee review | -inviting public officers and social care practitioners -review the results of the cognitive debriefing to refine the pre-final version | Written report |
Examination of the pre-final version
Creating the final version
Results
Translation processes
Question item | Question sentences for the cognitive debriefing | Understand | Words or phrases difficult or upsetting | Feedback comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control over daily life |
Back translation
How much control you have over your daily life?
Sentence to be presented
あなたは日常生活をどのくらいコントロールできていますか? | P1: No P2: Yes P3: Yes P4: Yes P5: Yes | P1, P3, P4, P5: control | P3: I understand the word and the meaning of “control” but it would be better if you use “統制” or “統御”. The word seemed to be the direct pronunciation. P4: If the word “control” is changed into “統制” or “統御”, it is still not our everyday conversation word. P5: we do not use the word “control” in terms of our daily life. The word sounds as if it was a command. |
Dignity | Dignity filter question
Back translation
How has getting help to do things affected your self-esteem?
Sentence to be presented
何かをする際に助けを得ることはあなたの自尊心にどのような影響を及ぼしますか? | P1: No P2: Yes P3: Yes P4: Yes P5: Yes | P1, P2, P4, P5: self-esteem | P2, 4 & 5: I understand the word and the meaning of “自尊心” but I can’t paraphrase it. |
ASCOT Dignity question
Back translation
How the way you are helped and treated affected your self-esteem?
Sentence to be presented
支援のされ方や扱われ方はあなたの自尊心にどのような影響を及ぼしますか? | P1: No P2: Yes P3: Yes P4: Yes P5: Yes | P1, P2, P4, P5: self-esteem P3 & 4: treated P5: The whole sentence | P3: “扱われ方” sounds like I am an object. I prefer “対応の方法”. P5: The sentence sounds unnatural. |
Examination of the pre-final version
n (%) | |
---|---|
Total | 1102 (100) |
Gender | |
Men | 374 (33.9) |
Women | 705 (64.0) |
Missing | 23 (2.1) |
Age group (years old) | |
45–64 | 14 (1.3) |
65–74 | 182 (16.5) |
75 and older | 891 (80.9) |
Missing | 15 (1.4) |
Living alone | |
Yes | 189 (17.2) |
No | 865 (78.5) |
Missing | 48 (4.3) |
Care need levela | |
Support level 1 & 2 | 342 (31.1) |
Support level 1 | 134 (12.2) |
Support level 2 | 208 (18.9) |
Care level 1 & 2 | 464 (42.1) |
Care level 1 | 241 (21.9) |
Care level 2 | 233 (20.2) |
Care level 3–5 | 261 (23.7) |
Care level 3 | 124 (11.3) |
Care level 4 | 83 (7.5) |
Care level 5 | 54 (4.9) |
Uncertain | 3 (0.3) |
Missing | 32 (2.9) |
Self-rated health status | |
Very good | 35 (3.2) |
Good | 584 (53.0) |
Fair | 320 (29.0) |
Poor | 68 (6.2) |
Missing | 95 (8.6) |
Question item | Valid n | %a | Mean | SD | MED | DIS | SKE | KUR | Scale level %b | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ideal state | No needs | Some needs | High-level needs | |||||||||
Control over daily life | 1053 | 95.6 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.67 | 0.23 | −0.54 | 21.56 | 45.39 | 28.11 | 4.94 |
Personal cleanliness | 1087 | 98.6 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.74 | 30.91 | 62.19 | 6.07 | 0.83 |
Food & drink | 1080 | 98.0 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.77 | 29.35 | 59.35 | 9.53 | 1.76 |
Personal safety | 1088 | 98.7 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.60 | 0.52 | −0.19 | 32.08 | 47.98 | 17.19 | 2.76 |
Social participation | 1074 | 97.5 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.63 | 0.27 | −0.35 | 10.34 | 48.60 | 31.75 | 9.31 |
Occupation | 1054 | 95.6 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.80 | 0.10 | −0.73 | 15.37 | 39.28 | 33.21 | 12.14 |
Accommodation cleanliness | 1078 | 97.8 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.74 | 23.01 | 63.27 | 12.15 | 1.58 |
Dignity filter question | 1030 | 93.5 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 21.07 | 58.83 | 18.64 | 1.46 |
ASCOT dignity question | 1029 | 93.4 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.47 | 0.31 | −0.13 | 25.85 | 56.27 | 16.72 | 1.17 |
Question item | Scale level | Care level groupa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SUP 1&2 | Care 1&2 | Care 3–5 | Missing | V | ||
Control over daily life | (n = 317) | (n = 454) | (n = 251) | (n = 28) | ||
Ideal state | 25.55 | 22.03 | 15.54 | 21.43 | ||
No needs | 41.01 | 45.15 | 51.79 | 42.86 | ||
Some needs | 26.81 | 28.63 | 28.29 | 35.71 | ||
High-level needs | 6.62 | 4.19 | 4.38 | 0.00 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.069 | |
Personal cleanliness | (N = 335) | (N = 463) | (N = 257) | (N = 32) | ||
Ideal state | 35.52 | 28.94 | 28.79 | 28.13 | ||
No needs | 59.40 | 63.07 | 63.81 | 65.63 | ||
Some needs | 4.78 | 7.13 | 6.23 | 3.13 | ||
High-level needs | 0.30 | 0.86 | 1.17 | 3.13 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.055 | |
Food & drink | (N = 330) | (N = 460) | (N = 260) | (N = 30) | ||
Ideal state | 36.97 | 26.52 | 23.46 | 40.00 | ||
No needs | 53.33 | 60.65 | 66.92 | 40.00 | ||
Some needs | 8.48 | 11.09 | 7.31 | 16.67 | ||
High-level needs | 1.21 | 1.74 | 2.31 | 3.33 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.087 | |
Personal safety | (N = 336) | (N = 461) | (N = 260) | (N = 31) | ||
Ideal state | 26.79 | 32.54 | 38.08 | 32.26 | ||
No needs | 50.30 | 46.20 | 48.46 | 45.16 | ||
Some needs | 19.64 | 18.22 | 11.54 | 22.58 | ||
High-level needs | 3.27 | 3.04 | 1.92 | 0 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.069 | |
Social participation | (N = 334) | (N = 462) | (N = 250) | (N = 28) | ||
Ideal state | 12.57 | 9.52 | 6.80 | 28.57 | ||
No needs | 56.29 | 46.10 | 44.00 | 39.29 | ||
Some needs | 23.35 | 35.93 | 36.00 | 25.00 | ||
High-level needs | 7.78 | 8.44 | 13.20 | 7.14 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.108 | |
Occupation | (N = 332) | (N = 455) | (N = 242) | (N = 25) | ||
Ideal state | 21.08 | 12.75 | 11.16 | 28.00 | ||
No needs | 45.78 | 40.00 | 29.34 | 36.00 | ||
Some needs | 27.11 | 36.92 | 34.30 | 36.00 | ||
High-level needs | 6.02 | 10.33 | 25.21 | 0 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.158 | |
Question item | Scale level | Care level groupa | ||||
SUP 1&2 | Care 1&2 | Care 3–5 | Missing | V | ||
Accommodation cleanliness | (N = 332) | (N = 459) | (N = 258) | (N = 29) | ||
Ideal state | 23.19 | 19.83 | 28.68 | 20.69 | ||
No needs | 61.14 | 64.05 | 64.73 | 62.07 | ||
Some needs | 12.95 | 14.60 | 6.20 | 17.24 | ||
High-level needs | 2.71 | 1.53 | 0.39 | 0 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.083 | |
Dignity filter question | (N = 318) | (N = 442) | (N = 244) | (N = 26) | ||
Ideal state | 23.90 | 20.59 | 17.21 | 30.77 | ||
No needs | 59.43 | 60.18 | 55.33 | 61.54 | ||
Some needs | 14.47 | 18.55 | 25.41 | 7.69 | ||
High-level needs | 2.20 | 0.68 | 2.05 | 0 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.079 | |
ASCOT Dignity question | (N = 322) | (N = 440) | (N = 281) | (N = 26) | ||
Ideal state | 31.99 | 22.73 | 22.41 | 34.62 | ||
No needs | 54.97 | 59.09 | 53.11 | 53.85 | ||
Some needs | 12.11 | 17.05 | 22.82 | 11.54 | ||
High-level needs | 0.93 | 1.14 | 1.66 | 0 | ||
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0.081 |
Question item | Matrix of polychoric correlations | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control over daily life | Personal cleanliness | Food & drink | Personal safety | Social participation | Occupation | Accommodation cleanliness | Dignity | |
Control over daily life | 1.000 | |||||||
Personal cleanliness | 0.476 | 1.000 | ||||||
Food & drink | 0.464 | 0.464 | 1.000 | |||||
Personal safety | 0.391 | 0.374 | 0.312 | 1.000 | ||||
Social participation | 0.391 | 0.428 | 0.381 | 0.424 | 1.000 | |||
Occupation | 0.443 | 0.458 | 0.397 | 0.394 |
0.654
| 1.000 | ||
Accommodation cleanliness | 0.425 |
0.548
| 0.441 | 0.455 | 0.373 | 0.345 | 1.000 | |
Dignity | 0.339 | 0.288 | 0.228 | 0.229 | 0.341 | 0.362 | 0.277 | 1.000 |
Question item | Factor loadings | Standardized error |
---|---|---|
Control over daily life | 0.654 | 0.027 |
Personal cleanliness | 0.675 | 0.030 |
Food & drink | 0.579 | 0.031 |
Personal safety | 0.561 | 0.030 |
Social participation | 0.705 | 0.026 |
Occupation | 0.706 | 0.025 |
Accommodation cleanliness | 0.620 | 0.031 |
Dignity | 0.550 | 0.040 |
Question item | Item discrimination | Item difficulty | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘no needs’ scale | ‘some needs’ scale | ‘high level needs’ scale | ||||||
EST | SE | EST | SE | EST | SE | EST | SE | |
Control over daily life | 0.922 | 0.067 | −1.151 | 0.112 | 0.665 | 0.097 | 0.243 | 0.209 |
Personal cleanliness | 0.975 | 0.080 | −0.704 | 0.104 | 2.142 | 0.184 | 3.639 | 0.364 |
Food & drink | 0.757 | 0.062 | −0.902 | 0.094 | 2.003 | 0.120 | 3.733 | 0.255 |
Personal safety | 0.723 | 0.057 | −0.769 | 0.084 | 1.446 | 0.102 | 3.435 | 0.213 |
Social participation | 1.060 | 0.078 | −1.458 | 0.168 | 0.340 | 0.097 | 1.851 | 0.182 |
Occupation | 1.063 | 0.076 | −1.407 | 0.145 | 0.192 | 0.095 | 1.641 | 0.163 |
Accommodation cleanliness | 0.841 | 0.069 | −1.140 | 0.109 | 1.696 | 0.130 | 3.541 | 0.282 |
Dignity filter question | 0.774 | 0.076 | −1.310 | 0.114 | 1.353 | 0.114 | 3.799 | 0.283 |
ASCOT Dignity question | 0.701 | 0.073 | −1.132 | 0.102 | 1.561 | 0.109 | 4.252 | 0.314 |
Creating the final Japanese version
Question item | Description and translation of the items control over daily life and two dignity question items |
---|---|
Control over daily life | The service user can choose what to do and when to do it, having control over his/her daily life and activities.
Original version
Which of the following statements best describes how much control you have over your daily life? By ‘control over daily life’ we mean having the choice to do things or have things done for you as you like and when you want. I have as much control over my daily life as I want. I have adequate control over my daily life. I have some control over my daily life but not enough. I have no control over my daily life.
The final Japanese version
あなたは, 日常生活において, 自分のことをどのくらい自分で決められていますか.決めたことを, 他の人にやってもらう場合も含めて, お答えください. 思い通り好きなように自分で決められている. おおむね自分で決められている. あまり自分で決められない. まったく自分で決められない. |
Personal cleanliness and comfort | The service user feels he/she is personally clean and comfortable and looks presentable or, at best, is dressed and groomed in a way that reflects his/her personal preferences. |
Food and drink | The service user feels he/she has a nutritious, varied and culturally appropriate diet with enough food and drink he/she enjoys at regular and timely intervals. |
Personal safety | The service user feels safe and secure. This means being free from fear of abuse, falling or other physical harm. |
Social participation and involvement | The service user is content with their social situation, where social situation is taken to mean the sustenance of meaningful relationships with friends, family and feeling involved or part of a community should this be important to the service user. |
Occupation | The service user is sufficiently occupied in a range of meaningful activities whether it be formal employment, unpaid work, caring for others or leisure activities. |
Accommodation cleanliness and comfort | The service user feels their home environment, including all the rooms, is clean and comfortable. |
Dignity | The negative and positive psychological impact of support and care on the service users’ personal sense of significance. |
Dignity filter question
Original version
Which of these statements best describes how having help to do things makes you think and feel about yourself? Having help makes me think and feel better about myself. Having help does not affect the way I think or feel about myself. Having help sometimes undermines the way I think and feel about myself. Having help completely undermines the way I think and feel about myself.
The final Japanese version
ケアや支援を受けることを, あなたはどのように感じていますか. ケアや支援を受けることで, 今の自分をより良く思える. ケアや支援を受けることは, 自分が自分をどう感じるかとは関係がない. ケアや支援を受けることで, 気持ちが傷つくことがある. ケアや支援を受けることで, 気持ちがひどく傷ついている. | |
ASCOT Dignity question
Original version
Which of these statements best describes how the way you are helped and treated makes you think and feel about yourself? The way I’m helped and treated makes me think and feel better about myself. The way I’m helped and treated does not affect the way I think or feel about myself. The way I’m helped and treated sometimes undermines the way I think and feel about myself. The way I’m helped and treated completely undermines the way I think and feel about myself.
The pre-final Japanese version
ケアや支援のされ方について, あなたはどのように感じていますか. ケアや支援のされ方により, 今の自分をより良く思える. ケアや支援のされ方は, 自分が自分をどう感じるかとは関係がない. ケアや支援のされ方により, 気持ちが傷つくことがある. ケアや支援のされ方により, 気持ちがひどく傷ついている. |