Cancer remains a critical focus within global health research, with approximately 20 million new diagnoses and 9.7 million deaths reported globally in 2022 [ 1 ]. In Brazil, the National Cancer Institute estimates around 700,000 new cancer cases …

Spinal metastases are a significant complication of advanced cancer [ 1 ]. The population of patients with spinal metastases is expanding, with recent studies demonstrating a rising annual incidence [ 2 ]. Despite the palliative intent of …

Neurosurgery, like other medical and surgical fields, is increasingly benefiting from the integration of simulation technologies in both training and surgical planning. Modern tools such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed …

Approximately 30% of all breast cancer patients will eventually develop metastatic disease, most commonly to the bone, with a clear predilection towards the spine [ 1 , 2 ]. As metastatic breast cancer patients are living longer with modern …

Neuro-oncology is a relatively recent but rapidly evolving clinical and research field dealing with nervous system tumors [ 1 ]. It is inherently multidisciplinary, integrating contributions from both organ-specific and non-organ-specific …

Adult-type diffuse lower-grade gliomas (dLGG) refer to IDH mutated (mIDH) astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma WHO grade 2 and 3 [ 1 – 3 ]. Treatment of dLGG is multimodal and includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and now also possibly mIDH …

Craniopharyngiomas (CP) are rare tumors of low-grade histological malignancy, located in the sellar/parasellar region [ 1 ]. The WHO 2021 classification of central nervous system tumors distinguishes between adamantinomatous and papillary CP and …

Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is the most common benign tumor in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) [ 1 ]. Management options for VS include observational wait-and-scan, stereotactic radiosurgery, and surgical resection [ 1 , 2 ]. The primary goals of …

Glioblastoma (GBM) features a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) shaped by various cellular and molecular components that promote tumor growth and therapy resistance [ 1 – 3 ].

leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is complication of advanced tumor, caused by cancer cells involvement of the leptomeninges [ 1 ]. Among solid tumors, patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma are most commonly occur meningeal …

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is widely used to treat brain metastasis. A conformal dose is delivered to the metastatic target typically using a schedule of one fraction (single-fraction SRS) to five fractions (fractionated stereotactic …

Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) is a rarely neoplastic lesion belonging to the glioneuronal and neuronal tumors (GNTs) according to the 2021 WHO classification [ 1 ]. Some studies suggested that adult‐onset seizures represent a …

World Health Organisation (WHO) grade 4 astrocytoma is the commonest primary malignant tumor in adults with a prevalence of 1–5 per 100 000 population [ 1 , 2 ]. In spite of standard-of-care (SOC) multimodality treatment, comprising of maximal safe …

Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSMs) comprise 2% of all orbital tumors and account for one-third of all optic nerve tumors [ 1 – 3 ]. Stemming from the meningothelial cap cells of the arachnoid villi, ONSM can develop throughout the optic nerve [ …4

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults [ 1 ]. The prognosis is poor with a median survival of 15–18 months and a 5-year survival inferior to 7%. Standard treatment involves surgical resection followed by …

Health care spending in the United States has been increasing at an unsustainable rate, accounting for nearly 20% of the United States gross domestic product (GDP) [ 1 ]. A significant portion of this spending is directed toward surgical care …

Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are rare, slow-growing brain tumors which originate in the sellar region. While they are typically benign, CPs may require intervention when they present with symptoms secondary to compression of the pituitary gland …

NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2-SWN) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas. NF2-SWN represents a difficult management problem with most patients facing substantial morbidity and reduced life expectancy. Gene …

Intracranial meningiomas (IMs) are the most common primary extraparenchymal intracranial tumors [ 1 ]. Over 70% occur in women, and the incidence increases with age [ 1 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies IMs into three grades [ 2 ].

High grade glioma (HGG) are highly aggressive primary malignant brain tumors with a poor prognosis, with an overall survival (OS) of 16–21 months despite a treatment based on surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, showing minimal survival …