To explore whether these functional inherited CDKN2A variants confer B-ALL susceptibility through AEI, we applied the allele-specific Taqman genotyping assay on matched germline and leukemic samples. As shown in Fig. 1 A, we observed elevated …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are now implemented in the treatment algorithm of many cancer types and can provide long-term survival in subsets of advanced cancer patients [ 1 ]. The clinical success in a minority of patients suggests the relevance …

Advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can lead to relatively poor survival in most patients [ 1 , 2 ]. Combined immunotherapy (IO) plus tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) have shown superior effect than conventional TKI monotherapy in …

The extracellular signal-related kinase 5 (ERK5), also referred to as big mitogen-activated kinase 1 (BMK1), belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family [ 1 ]. ERK5 is involved in several biological responses, including cell …

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs), which encompass tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), are of great importance in …

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide, and it is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths [ 1 ]. The TNM staging system serves as the cornerstone for clinical diagnosis and personalized treatment of GC [ 2 ].

The central nervous system (CNS) is a key site of extramedullary disease in paediatric B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (BCP-ALL). Although CNS infiltration is rarely detected at diagnosis, data from clinical and post-mortem studies …

Hypoxia is a critical microenvironmental condition that plays a major role in driving tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Increasing evidence has revealed novel functions of hypoxia in intercellular communication. The hypoxia induced tumor …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with an overall survival rate of less than 5%. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced or unresectable …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the main pathological type of primary liver cancer, is one of the most common malignant tumors, with the sixth highest incidence and third highest mortality rate worldwide [ 1 ]. Due to the insidious onset of HCC …

Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignancy globally, with around one million new cases diagnosed each year [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite advancements in treatment, the 5-year survival rate for GC remains below 40%, primarily due to late-stage diagnoses [ 3 …,

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), a lethal malignancy originating from epithelial cells of secondary bile duct of the liver, is the second most common primary hepatic tumors after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [ 1 ]. The incidence of ICC has …

Primary liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world [ 1 ]. The main pathological type of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for over 80% of the total cases [ 2 ]. The difficulty of early …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, ranking sixth in men and ninth in women, and it accounts for approximately 3% of all adult malignancies [ 1 – 3 ]. RCC is highly heterogenous, and kidney renal clear cell …

Pancreatic and biliary tract cancer are the representative lethal malignancies [ 1 – 3 ], and sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between the two diseases. For most patients, systemic therapy is required because they were frequently …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and remains a major threat to human health [ 1 ]. More than 80% of HCCs are detected at an advanced stage when curative therapy is no longer an option [ 2 …

Cell senescence is a natural response within our organisms. Initially, it was considered an effective anti-tumor mechanism. However, it is now believed that while cell senescence initially acts as a robust barrier against tumor initiation, the …

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a form of malignant tumor that arises from the mesenchyme in the smooth muscle, accounting for approximately 10–20% of all newly diagnosed soft tissue sarcomas [ 1 ]. Despite surgical resection, LMS, a highly aggressive …