The celiac trunk (Ct) is a significant structure that primarily supplies blood flow to the upper part of the gastrointestinal system. In the literature, various variations have been observed concerning the Ct. Branching patterns, origin levels …

The phrenic nerve innervates the respiratory diaphragm, the primary muscle active during ventilation. The canonical path of the phrenic nerve originates from the cervical spine at C3–C5 spinal nerves and travels inferiorly through the neck and …

The integration of ultrasound into orthopedic surgery has been a significant advance, improving the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape in this specialized field [ 11 , 24 , 25 , 36 ]. Ultrasound has also undergone an important use in anatomy …

The lateral ankle ligament complex consists of three ligaments, which are the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and the posterior talofibular ligament. Ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries, with …

The orbicularis oris (OOr) is the main controller of the movements of the lips, and the reflexive and/or voluntary movement vitally important in food intake and the articulation of sound and speech [ 8 , 20 ]. Structurally the OOr is coupled with …

Body donation is the act of voluntarily donating the whole or a part of the body after death for educational and research purposes, within the framework of legal and ethical regulations, for a certain period, or in its entirety. Due to the ongoing …

The normative data of orbital structures measured on computerized tomography (CT) images have been previously presented by some authors in the literature [ 5 , 8 , 12 ]. The superiority of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to CT in the imaging of …

In human anatomy, the significant passages through the root of the greater sphenoidal wing are the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum. To these is occasionally added the sphenoidal emissary foramen (SEF, foramen venosum, foramen …

The cubital tunnel is a canal located between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, through which the ulnar nerve (UN) passes. Typically, the cubital tunnel retinaculum (CuTR) forms the roof of the tunnel and …

Blood from the head and neck region is drained via a complex network comprising the deep venous system (DVS) and the superficial venous system (SVS). The DVS comprises the internal jugular vein (IJV) and its branches. The DVS is responsible for …

In plastic and reconstructive surgery, the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) muscle is frequently harvested as a myofasciocutaneous flap. First described by Wangensteen in 1934 for the repair of abdominal hernias [ 29 ], the TFL flap was then deployed by …

The complex anatomy of the anterolateral and the middle skull base presents many challenges for surgical access and has led to the development of minimally invasive and endoscopic approaches [ 11 , 14 , 24 ]. Continued advancements in endoscopic …

Rarely, a branch of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) can arise from the internal carotid artery (ICA), creating a common trunk with the anterior choroidal artery (AChA). Traditionally, this variation is referred to as the hyperplastic AChA [ 1 …2

Surgical intervention is often required for the management of various pathologies and injuries affecting the anterior maxilla. The anterior maxilla is generally considered a safe place for surgical intervention as there are no neural structures …

Nasal septal deviation is usually attributed to trauma but can be present in patients without a documented history of injury. The nasal septum divides the internal nose in the sagittal plane and extends from the maxillary crest (MC) at the floor …

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA), an important component of the circle of Willis, is the terminal branch of the basilar artery [ 23 ]. It runs parallel to the superior cerebellar artery and, after a short course, joins the PcomA [ 1 ]. The PCA …

The primary innervating nerves of the skull include the supraorbital nerve (SON) and the greater occipital nerve (GON). For pain physicians engaged in neural blocks, surgical planning, or neuro-modulation, a nuanced understanding of the detailed …

Hollow temples are not typically considered aesthetically pleasing, and hollowness worsens with the aging process. When filling this region with fillers, there are several anatomical considerations, with injection techniques varying depending on …

Cerebral revascularization procedures, particularly extracranial-intracranial bypass surgery, have long held a significant role in the field of neurosurgery. These procedures are employed to restore blood flow to the brain, making them essential …

Oculo-palpebral mathematical measurements provide data for anthropological research as well as measures that have evidence in clinical practice such as reconstructive plastic surgery [ 10 , 15 , 26 ]. The numerical database is required, especially …