The lungs serve as the primary organ for respiration, facilitating the vital exchange of gases with the bloodstream. Given their perpetual exposure to external particulates and pathogens, they possess intricate protective barriers. Cellular …
Epithelial cells, which are non-immune cells, not only function as a physical defence barrier but also continuously monitor and eliminate aberrant epithelial cells in their vicinity. In other words, it has become evident that epithelial cells …
The mucosal surface is in constant contact with foreign antigens and is regulated by unique mechanisms that are different from immune responses in the peripheral organs. For the last several decades, only adaptive immune cells such as helper T …
Glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is a widely distributed protein in the digestive tract, contributing to mucosal barrier maintenance, immune homeostasis, and antigen-specific immune response, while also being linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) …
verfasst von:
Zhongwei Zhang, Izumi Tanaka, Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida, Peter B. Ernst, Hiroshi Kiyono, Yosuke Kurashima
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant economic and health impact worldwide. It also reinforced the misperception that only viruses can pose a threat to human existence, overlooking that bacteria (e.g., plague and cholera) have severely haunted …
verfasst von:
Danilo Gomes Moriel, Diego Piccioli, Maria Michelina Raso, Mariagrazia Pizza
Despite the rapid development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and the widely recognized health and economic benefits of vaccination, there exist stark differences in vaccination rates across country income groups. While more than 70% of …
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged late in 2019 and caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has so far claimed approximately 20 million lives. Vaccines were developed quickly, became available …
