Resistant hypertension is defined as persistently elevated blood pressure (BP) despite treatment with ≥ 3 antihypertensive agents, including a diuretic if tolerated. Directly observed therapy (DOT) before 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring …

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome represents a complex interplay among cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and metabolic disorders (such as diabetes and obesity) [ 1 ]. In 2023, the American Heart Association …

Hypertension is a common condition associated with potentially serious complications [ 1 ]. Its prevalence increases with age, and appropriate pharmacological treatment has been shown to reduce both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Updated …

An estimated 10% of ischaemic strokes occur in young adults below 50 years of age [ 1 , 2 ]. Despite a decrease in total stroke globally, an increase in ischemic stroke in young adults has been observed in several regions [ 1 , 2 ]. Among ischaemic …

High blood pressure (BP) is responsible for a wide range of health problems, including asymptomatic damage to organs such as the carotid arteries, heart, brain and kidneys [ 1 ]. Research in recent decades has revealed that many dimensions of BP …

Traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors (age, sex, genetic predisposition, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity) could explain only a part of the risk of developing CV events [ 1 ]. Novel biomarkers …

Albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are the two widely accepted indexes of kidney function. Measured clearance of exogenous filtration markers such as inulin or estimation from serum concentrations of endogenous filtration markers …

Arterial hypertension represents a major modifiable determinant of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Although current risk stratification models still incorporate traditional major factors, such as age, smoking, blood pressure (BP) …

Hypertension remains a major global public health challenge, largely contributing to cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent estimates suggest that approximately 1.3 billion individuals have elevated blood pressure (BP), with …

In essential hypertensive patients antihypertensive pharmacological treatment, administered as monotherapy or drug combination, significantly reduces, along with elevated blood pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve traffic (MSNA), taken as a …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide [ 1 ]. Among the modifiable cardio-metabolic risk factors contributing to CVD, insulin resistance (IR) is a major determinant [ 2 , 3 ]. Robust experimental evidence has …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with hypertension being one of its most significant risk factors. According to global estimates, approximately 1.39 billion people suffer from hypertension, with the …

Household air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels for cooking and heating remains a major global health concern, affecting nearly one-third of the world’s population [ 1 ]. It is a leading modifiable risk factor for non-communicable …

Globally, hypertension remains inadequately controlled, despite the availability of effective therapies and guideline recommendations. This narrative review synthesises current evidence on the clinical rationale, efficacy and implementation of …

Increase in arterial blood pressure or Hypertension, occurs when the blood exerts continuously higher force on the walls of arteries. This constant high force causes significant risk for developing heart-related conditions such as myocardial …

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for nearly one-third of all deaths, despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies [ 1 ]. The disease manifests earlier and more aggressively …

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of several conditions such as hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. In the last fifty years different therapeutic strategies, including angiotensin …

Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder associated with an increased risk of gout, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The management of hyperuricemia in conditions where urate deposition has already occurred primarily …

Hypertension is a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Nearly half of U.S. adults, approximately 119.9 million individuals (48.1%), are affected [ 1 ]. Although widely recognized, hypertension is well-controlled in …

According to latest guidelines [ 1 – 3 ] office blood pressure (BP) measurement still represents the principal diagnostic tool for the detection of arterial hypertension. Despite the great relevance acquired by “out-of-office” BP measurements (home …