Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a devastating neurovascular disease of the immature retinal vascularization process that occurs in premature infants and is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. The treatment fo r … ROP aims to stop the neovascularization progression by inhibiting the abnormal increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the eyes [

Guidelines for routine prophylactic antibiotic use in oculoplastic surgery vary widely throughout the world and most oculoplastic surgeons prescribe systemic and/or topical antibiotics perioperatively in oculoplasty [ 1 ]. Since two decades, major …

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) of different focal designs cater to varying ranges of vision. Monofocal IOLs offer exceptional distance vision but require the use of glasses for near and intermediate visual tasks. Trifocal IOLs offer visual acuity at …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults in the USA [ 1 ]. However, the risk of vision loss from DR can be reduced through early detection and management of blood sugar and blood pressure levels, as well as …

Teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been approved in 2020 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED). The overexpression of IGF-1R and …

Chronic retinal detachment can be described as retinal detachment which is present longer than three months, with clinical findings of pigmented demarcation line, retinal thinning, subretinal bands, intra-retinal cysts and subretinal crystalline …

Submacular hemorrhage (SMH), a cause of severe visual loss in wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD), has been reported to be observed in 7%–53% patients with wAMD at baseline [ 1 , 2 ]. Although a treatment strategy has not been established …

Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide and results in loss of retinal ganglion cells, eventually leading to relative and absolute scotomas and vision loss, if the condition is left untreated. In patients where topical …

Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) is identified as a subtype of strabismus characterized by a sudden onset of concomitant esotropia with diplopia post-infancy [ 1 ], notably impacting the patients’ quality of life. Various etiologies …

Recurrent corneal erosion syndrome (RCES) is a painful eye condition characterized by abnormal epithelial adhesion to underlying basal lamina. The most common etiology of RCES is mechanical trauma (45–64%), followed by anterior basement membrane …

Cataract is the leading cause of global blindness, the sole remedy for which is surgical intervention. Thanks to the advancement of intraocular lenses (IOLs) - based refractive surgery [ 1 ], the objective of cataract surgery has shifted from …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual loss and blindness in the developed world in people over the age of 50 years. Currently, more than 200 million people are estimated to have AMD worldwide. This number is …

Cataract surgery is the most common surgical procedure performed worldwide, whereby the crystalline lens is removed and replaced by an intraocular lens (IOL). Surgery is usually performed to treat age-related cataract formation. The average age at …

Several optical designs of intraocular lenses (IOL) are currently available, aiming to provide the best solution for patients who wish to achieve independence from spectacles following cataract surgery. Monofocal IOLs provide clear vision, usually …

In the last several years, numerous investigators have attempted to address some of the concerns related to unsatisfactory long-term results of intermittent exotropia (IXT) management [ 1 ]. Factors such as patient’s age at the time of the surgery …

The measurement of retinal venous pressure (RVP) is required for correctly calculating ocular perfusion pressure (OPP = 2/3 mean arterial blood pressure minus RVP) [ 1 ]. A reduced perfusion pressure leads to impaired blood flow if the limits of …

A number of devices are currently in use to facilitate the detection and monitoring of disease in ophthalmology, and further development continues [ 1 ]. Autofluorescence (AF) [ 2 ], fluorescein angiography (FA) [ 3 , 4 ], optical coherence …

An idiopathic full-thickness macular hole (iFTMH) is a vitreomacular interface disease with an opening of all neurosensory retinal layers in the fovea, leading to vision loss, metamorphopsia and central scotoma. It is more frequently observed in …

Glaucoma, a major cause of permanent vision loss worldwide [ 1 ], presents a significant risk to human ocular health. In 2020, approximately 76 million individuals were affected by glaucoma, and by 2040, more than 111.8 million individuals will be …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. Wet AMD, characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), is a particularly aggressive form of the disease and accounts …