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Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 5/2017

02.05.2017 | Kardiogener Schock | Leitthema

Kardiale Unterstützungs- und Ersatzsysteme

verfasst von: T. Graf, Prof. Dr. H. Thiele

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 5/2017

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Zusammenfassung

In der Intensivmedizin des Erwachsenen haben in den letzten Jahren mechanische Herz-Kreislauf-Unterstützungs- (perkutane Assist Devices) und Ersatzverfahren der Herzfunktion vor allem zur Behandlung des therapierefraktären infarktbedingten kardiogenen Schocks Einzug gehalten. Dabei unterscheidet man partielle Unterstützungssysteme und die Möglichkeit eines kurzzeitigen kompletten Herz- und (Lungen)-Ersatzes mittels Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS). Trotz Einsatz dieser Systeme bleibt der kardiogene Schock mit einer hohen Mortalität verbunden. Die Erwägung mechanischer Systeme, wie perkutaner linksventrikulärer Unterstützungssysteme und ECLS, sollte erst nach Ausschöpfung medikamentöser Therapien zur Stabilisation der hämodynamischen Zielparameter erfolgen. Die Datenlage zur Implantation perkutaner Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVAD) oder des ECLS bei Patienten im kardiogenen Schock ist bisher noch deutlich begrenzt. Eine Empfehlung zur Implantation des ECLS gibt es in den deutschen und internationalen Leitlinien erst nach Ausschöpfung der medikamentösen Therapie im kardiogenen Schock. In anderen Fällen eines nichtinfarktbedingten kardiogenen Schocks (z. B. Intoxikation, Myokarditis) kann ein ECLS als Überbrückung genutzt werden.
ECLS kann auch in Fällen der Reanimation als sogenannte E‑CPR eingesetzt werden und zeigte nach Register-Daten einen möglichen Mortalitätsbenefit bei ausgewählten Patienten.
Eine weitere Sondersituation für den Einsatz von ECLS stellt die akzidentielle schwere Hypothermie mit Herzkreislaufstillstand dar, auch hier gibt es limitierte Daten für die Anwendung der Systeme. Bei fehlender Therapie-Alternative sollte aber in diesen Fällen frühzeitig über den Einsatz der Organersatzsysteme nachgedacht werden.
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Metadaten
Titel
Kardiale Unterstützungs- und Ersatzsysteme
verfasst von
T. Graf
Prof. Dr. H. Thiele
Publikationsdatum
02.05.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 5/2017
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-017-0295-8

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