Impacts on practice
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Because the Nigerian pharmacists in Nigeria have a very good knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and have the skills to practice primary prevention, it is possible to organise a pharmacists-led mass-screening for cardiovascular disease in Nigeria.
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Continuous training and support in knowledge of cardiovascular disease and prevention practice must be essential components of any government policy that seeks to improve the effectiveness of the primary prevention of CVD in Nigeria.
Introduction
Aim of the study
Ethics approval
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of the subjects
Variable | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Age of respondents (years) | |
≤ 30 | 36 (21.4) |
31–45 | 71 (42.3) |
46–60 | 51 (30.4) |
> 60 | 10 (6.0) |
Mean (± SD) | |
41.73 (± 11.2) years | |
Gender | |
Male | 87 (51.8) |
Female | 81 (48.2) |
Marital status | |
Single | 37 (22.0) |
Married | 131 (78.0) |
Additional qualification | |
None | 115 (68.5) |
MSc | 20 (11.9) |
Diploma/Cert | 14 (8.3) |
Others | 19 (11.3) |
Number of years of practice | |
≤ 5 | 64 (38.1) |
6–10 | 35 (20.8) |
> 10 | 69 (41.1) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 9.0 (3.0, 15.0) |
Location of practice | |
Urban | 86 (51.2) |
Semi/urban | 73 (43.4) |
Rural | 9 (5.4) |
Average number of hypertensives seen per
month | |
< 10 | 12 (7.1) |
10–20 | 44 (26.2) |
> 20 | 112 (66.7) |
Average number of diabetics seen per
month | |
<10 | 24 (14.3) |
11–20 | 72 (42.9) |
> 20 | 72 (42.9) |
Number of smokers seen per month | |
<10 | 83 (49.4) |
10–20 | 62 (36.9) |
> 20 | 23 (13.7) |
Knowledge of CVD risk factors
Risk factor | Cut-off | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Hypertension | aBP ≥ 140/90 mmHg | 97 (57.7) |
BP > 130/95 mmHg | 19 (11.3) | |
BP > 120/80 mmHg | 37 (22.0) | |
BP > 150/90 mmHg | 1 (0.6) | |
Unknown | 14 (8.3) | |
Diabetes | aFBS ≥ 126 mg/dl | 53 (31.5) |
FBS > 140 mg/dl | 23 (13.7) | |
FBS > 110 mg/dl | 67 (39.9) | |
Unknown | 25 (14.9) | |
Obesity | aBMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 43 (25.6) |
BMI > 35 kg/m2 | 32 (19.0) | |
BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 52 (31.0) | |
Unknown | 41 (24.4) | |
Abdominal obesity (male) | aWC > 102 cm | 38 (22.6) |
> 88 cm | 14 (8.3) | |
> 90 cm | 32 (19.0) | |
Unknown | 84 (50.0) | |
Abdominal obesity (female) | > 102 cm | 20 (11.9) |
a> 88 cm | 43 (25.6) | |
> 90 cm | 17 (10.1) | |
Unknown | 88 (52.4) | |
Hypercholesterolaemia | aTc ≥ 240 mg/dl | 22 (13.1) |
Tc 220 mg/dl | 18 (10.7) | |
Tc 200 mg/dl | 37 (22.0) | |
Tc 190 mg/dl | 15 (8.9) | |
Unknown | 76 (45.2) |
Assessment of knowledge of CVD risk factors
Questions | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
A person always knows when they have heart
disease | 142 (84.5) |
If someone has a family history of heart
disease, he/she is at risk for developing heart
disease | 157 (93.5) |
The older a person is, the greater their risk of
having heart disease | 151 (89.9) |
Smoking is a risk factor for heart
disease | 163 (97.0) |
A person who stops smoking will lower their risk
of heart disease | 159 (94.6) |
High blood pressure is a risk factor for heart
disease | 164 (97.6) |
Keeping blood pressure under control will reduce
a person’s risk for developing heart
disease | 162 (96.4) |
High cholesterol is a risk factor for developing
heart disease | 163 (97.0) |
Eating fatty foods does not affect blood
cholesterol | 157 (93.5) |
If someone’s good cholesterol (HDL) is high
he/she is at risk for heart disease | 138 (82.1) |
If someone’s bad cholesterol (LDL) is high
he/she is at risk for heart disease | 155 (92.3) |
Being overweight increases a person’s risk for
heart disease | 162 (96.4) |
Regular physical activity will lower a person’s
chance of getting heart disease | 160 (95.2) |
Only exercising at a gym or in an exercise class
will lower a person’s chance of developing heart
disease | 146 (86.9) |
Walking and gardening are considered exercise
that will help lower a person’s chance of developing
heart disease | 140 (83.3) |
Diabetes is a risk factor for developing heart
disease | 154 (91.7) |
High blood sugar puts a strain on the
heart | 131 (78.0) |
If someone’s blood sugar is high over several
months it can cause his/her cholesterol level to go up
and increase his/her risk of heart disease | 108 (64.3) |
A person who has diabetes can reduce his/her
risk of developing heart disease if he/she keeps his/her
blood sugar level under control | 153 (91.1) |
Person with diabetes rarely have high
cholesterol | 130 (77.4) |
If a person has diabetes, keeping his/her
cholesterol under control will help lower his/her chance
of having heart disease | 145 (86.3) |
People with diabetes tend to have low HDL (good)
cholesterol | 49 (29.2) |
A person who has diabetes can reduce his/her
risk of developing heart disease if he/she keeps his/her
blood pressure under control | 150 (89.3) |
A person who has diabetes can reduce his/her
risk of developing heart disease if he/she keeps his/her
weight under control | 153 (91.1) |
Men with diabetes have a higher risk of heart
disease than women with diabetes | 37 (22.0) |
Characteristics | HDFQ score category | X2 | p
value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
> 70 | ≤ 70 | |||
Age of respondents
(years)
| 2.184 | 0.534 | ||
≤ 30 | 31 (86.1) | 5 (13.9) | ||
31–45 | 67 (94.4) | 4 (5.6) | ||
46–60 | 47 (92.2) | 4 (7.8) | ||
> 60 | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | ||
Gender
| 0.176 | 0.675 | ||
Male | 79 (90.9) | 8 (9.2) | ||
Female | 75 (92.6) | 6 (7.4) | ||
Marital
status
| 0.003 | 0.955 | ||
Single | 34 (91.9) | 3 (8.1) | ||
Married | 120 (91.6) | 11 (8.4) | ||
Additional
qualification
| 1.127 | 0.771 | ||
None | 107 (93.0) | 8 (7.0) | ||
MSc | 18 (90.0) | 2 (10.0) | ||
Diploma/Cert | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | ||
Others | 17 (89.5) | 2 (10.0) | ||
Number of years of
practice
| 1.111 | 0.574 | ||
≤ 5 | 58 (90.6) | 6 (9.4) | ||
6–10 | 31 (88.6) | 4 (11.4) | ||
> 10 | 65 (94.2) | 4 (5.8) | ||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 9.0 (3.0, 15.3) | 6.0 (1.8, 14.8) | ||
Location of
practice
| 5.096 | 0.078 | ||
Urban | 82 (95.3) | 4 (4.7) | ||
Semi/urban | 63 (86.3) | 10 (13.7) | ||
Rural | 8 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Practice of primary prevention of CVD
Practice | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Availability Functional BP
Sphygmomanometers | 160 | 95.2 |
Routinely measure the BP of hypertensive
client | 139 | 82.7 |
Functional glucometer to measure blood
glucose | 122 | 72.6 |
Routinely measure BMI/waist
circumference | 48 | 28.6 |
Awareness of guideline on
hypertension | 73 | 43.5 |
Frequency of informing
hypertensives or diabetics to check their
cholesterol level
| ||
Very often | 84 | 50.0 |
Sometimes | 54 | 32.1 |
Rarely | 20 | 11.9 |
Never | 10 | 6.0 |
Frequency of advising
hypertensives or diabetics on lifestyle
management
| ||
Very often | 116 | 69.0 |
Sometimes | 38 | 22.6 |
Rarely | 4 | 2.4 |
Never | 10 | 6.0 |
Primary prevention practice | HDFQ Score grade | X2 | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
> 70 | ≤ 70 | |||
Poor | 38 (82.6) | 8 (17.3) | 7.269 | 0.026* |
Fair | 38 (92.7) | 3 (7.3) | ||
Good | 78 (93.3) | 3 (3.7) |