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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 4/2017

07.02.2017 | Ultraschall | Allgemeinanästhesie

Vermeidung von Komplikationen im Umgang mit zentralen Venenkathetern bei Kindern

verfasst von: Dr. med. D. Aprili, Prof. Dr. med. T. O. Erb

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 4/2017

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Zusammenfassung

Zentrale Venenkatheter (ZVK) sind bei der Behandlung von Kindern ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel. Die Einlage eines Katheters kann verschiedene Komplikationen verursachen, welche von der Art des Katheters, der Punktionstechnik und dem Punktionsort beeinflusst werden. Es existieren verschiedene Maßnahmen, die dazu beitragen, diese Risiken zu minimieren. Um die Komplikationsrate im Umgang mit ZVK möglichst gering zu halten, ist eine auf den Patienten fokussierte Risiko-Nutzen-Analyse vor jeder Einlage unabdingbar. Die Art des verwendeten ZVK (zum Beispiel tunnelierte Katheter gegenüber nichttunnelierten Kathetern) beeinflusst die Rate an katheterassoziierten Infektionen und den Patientenkomfort maßgeblich. Die Wahl des Punktionsortes wird beeinflusst von der geplanten Liegedauer, dem Patientengewicht und dem Zweck des ZVK. Dabei ist der Zugang über die Vena jugularis interna ein häufig gewählter Punktionsort, da die Rate an Komplikationen bei der Einlage geringer ist. Bei längerer Liegedauer und bei sehr kleinen Kindern scheint die Vena subclavia geeigneter zu sein. Der korrekten Lagerung kommt bei der Einlage eine überragende Bedeutung zu. Dabei sollte die Einlage wenn immer möglich ultraschallgesteuert erfolgen. Die Lage des ZVK sollte immer radiographisch, gegebenenfalls sonographisch oder mittels EKG-Ableitung kontrolliert werden, um Fehllagen mit potenziell schwerwiegenden Konsequenzen sicher ausschließen zu können. Die im jeweiligen Krankenhaus etablierten Hygienerichtlinien müssen jederzeit strikt eingehalten werden, und das Personal muss im Umgang mit ZVK regelmäßig geschult werden (Ärzte, Pflege und Patienten).
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Metadaten
Titel
Vermeidung von Komplikationen im Umgang mit zentralen Venenkathetern bei Kindern
verfasst von
Dr. med. D. Aprili
Prof. Dr. med. T. O. Erb
Publikationsdatum
07.02.2017
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-017-0275-7

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