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Erschienen in: Die Radiologie 5/2019

25.04.2019 | Computertomografie | Leitthema

Kontrastmittel – Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis

verfasst von: PD Dr. Christian Krestan, MBA

Erschienen in: Die Radiologie | Ausgabe 5/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Kontrastmittel (KM) sind aus der modernen radiologischen Diagnostik nicht mehr wegzudenken. Sie liefern in der Multidetektor-Computertomographie (MDCT) und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) essenzielle Informationen u. a. bei vaskulären, entzündlichen und onkologischen Fragestellungen, die sonst nicht beantwortet werden könnten. Die wichtigsten Gruppen sind jodhaltige und gadolinumhaltige Kontrastmittel, welche vorwiegend intravenös eingesetzt werden. Zu den seltenen unerwünschten Wirkungen beider Substanzgruppen gehören die mögliche akute Niereninsuffizienz (AKI), häufiger treten allergische und chemotoxische Reaktionen auf. Die nephrogene Fibrose ist seit der Etablierung von Guidelines nicht mehr nachgewiesen worden. Gadoliniumablagerungen im Zentralnervensystem (ZNS), deren klinische Bedeutung nach wie vor unklar ist, sind seit einigen Jahren ein aktuelles Thema. Ab einem Schwellenwert der Nierenfunktion mit einer eGFR von <45 bzw. <30 ml/min wird eine Hydrierung des Patienten bzw. eine strengere Indikationsstellung empfohlen. Low-kV und DE-Scanprotokolle in der MDCT helfen, die benötigte Kontrastmittelmenge zu reduzieren. In der MRT sollten bis auf zugelassene Indikationen nur makrozyklische Substanzen verwendet werden. Die Anwendung in der Schwangerschaft, während der Laktation und bei Kindern ist immer einer sorgfältigen Nutzen-Risiko-Analyse zu unterziehen und ebenso ein wichtiges Thema dieses Übersichtsartikels. Die adäquate Patientenaufklärung und rechtliche Aspekte bei nichtzugelassenen Anwendungen sind unverzichtbarer Bestandteil im täglichen klinischen Einsatz. Das Wissen um die sachgerechte Anwendung der vielfältigen zugelassenen Kontrastmittel ist ständig zu aktualisieren und zu erweitern.
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Metadaten
Titel
Kontrastmittel – Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis
verfasst von
PD Dr. Christian Krestan, MBA
Publikationsdatum
25.04.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Radiologie / Ausgabe 5/2019
Print ISSN: 2731-7048
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7056
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-019-0523-8

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