nach oben

Der Nervenarzt

Erschienen in:

01.01.2009 | Übersichten

Korrelation zwischen Risikogenvarianten für Schizophrenie und Hirnstrukturanomalien

verfasst von: T. Nickl-Jockschat, M. Rietschel, T. Kircher

Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt | Ausgabe 1/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die genauen Ätiologien der Schizophrenie sind noch weitgehend unklar. Genetische Faktoren stellen wichtige – wenngleich nicht alleinige – Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung einer Schizophrenie dar. In den letzten Jahren konnten erstmals zahlreiche replizierbare Kandidatengene identifiziert werden. Magnetresonanztomographische Studien konnten strukturelle Gehirnveränderungen charakterisieren, so etwa Ventrikelerweiterungen oder Volumenminderungen der medialen temporalen Strukturen und des Gyrus temporalis superior. Mehrere Studien haben Korrelationen zwischen Genvarianten und hirnstrukturellen Veränderungen bei Gesunden und Schizophrenen nachgewiesen. In dieser Übersicht werden die bisher publizierten Arbeiten zur Korrelation von Varianten in Schizophreniesuszeptibilitätsgenen und Hirnstrukturanomalien bei Patienten und Gesunden referiert. Ziel ist es, eine Übersicht über den momentanen Stand dieser Forschungsrichtung zu geben und diese kritisch zu reflektieren. Durch die Ergebnisse der genomweiten Untersuchungen wird in Bälde eine Vielzahl weiterer Suszeptibilitätsgene für Schizophrenie bekannt werden. Ob und in welchem Ausmaß diese Gene einen Einfluss auf die Hirnstruktur bei Gesunden und Erkrankten haben, kann durch die Untersuchung von Gen-Struktur-Korrelationen geklärt werden. In Anbetracht der vielfältigen möglichen Gen-Gen- und Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen ist allerdings bei den meisten Varianten davon auszugehen, dass keine einfachen Korrelationen mit großen Effekten gefunden werden können.

Addington AM, Gornick MC, Shaw P et al. (2007) Neuregulin 1 (8p12) and childhood-onset schizophrenia: susceptibility haplotypes for diagnosis and brain developmental trajectories. Mol Psychiatry 12: 195–205PubMedCrossRef

Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G, Grieder T et al. (1998) Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(7): 663–664PubMedCrossRef

Badner JA, Gershon ES (2002) Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 7(4): 405–411PubMedCrossRef

Becker T, Elmer K, Mechela B et al. (1990) MRI findings in medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1(1): 83–86PubMedCrossRef

Bernstein HG, Lendeckel U, Bertram I et al. (2006) Localization of neuregulin-1alpha (heregulin-alpha) and one of its receptors, ErbB-4 tyrosine kinase, in developing and adult human brain. Brain Res Bull 69(5): 546–559PubMedCrossRef

Bilder RM, Wu H, Chakos MH et al. (1994) Cerebral morphometry and clozapine treatment in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 55 [Suppl B]: 53–56

Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G et al. (1990) Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 35(1): 1–13PubMedCrossRef

Boos HB, Aleman A, Cahn W et al. (2007) Brain volumes in relatives of patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(3): 297–304PubMedCrossRef

Brown AS (2006) Prenatal infection as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 32(2): 200–202PubMedCrossRef

10.

Buonanno A, Fischbach GD (2006) Neuregulin and ErbB receptor signaling pathways in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11: 287–296CrossRef

11.

Callicott JH, Straub RE, Pezawas L et al. (2005) Variation in DISC1 affects hippocampal structure and function and increases risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(24): 8627–8632PubMedCrossRef

12.

Camargo LM, Collura V, Rain JC et al. (2007) Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 Interactome: evidence for the close connectivity of risk genes and a potential synaptic basis for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 12(1): 74–86PubMedCrossRef

13.

Cannon TD, Rosso IM, Hollister JM et al. (2000) A prospective cohort study of genetic and perinatal influences in the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 26(2): 351–366PubMed

14.

Cardno AG, Gottesman II (2000) Twin studies of schizophrenia: from bow-and-arrow concordances to star wars Mx and functional genomics. Am J Med Genet 97(1): 12–17PubMedCrossRef

15.

Chakos MH, Lieberman JA, Bilder RM et al. (1994) Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 151(10): 1430–1436PubMed

16.

Chen X, Wang X, O’Neill AF et al. (2004) Variants in the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene are associated with schizophrenia in Irish high-density families. Mol Psychiatry 9(10): 962–967PubMedCrossRef

17.

Chumakov I, Blumenfeld M, Guerassimenko O et al. (2001) Genetic and physiological data implicating the new human gene G72 and the gene for D-amino acid oxidase in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(21): 13675–13680CrossRef

18.

Copolov D, Velakoulis D, McGorry P et al. (2000) Neurobiological findings in early phase schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31(2–3): 157–165

19.

Craddock N, Owen MJ, O’Donovan MC (2006) The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene as a candidate for psychiatric phenotypes: evidence and lessons. Mol Psychiatry 11(5): 446–458PubMedCrossRef

20.

Crespo-Facorro B, Roiz-Santiáñez R, Pelayo-Terán JM et al. (2007) Low-activity allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMTL) is associated with increased lateral ventricles in patients with first episode non-affective psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31(7): 1514–1518PubMedCrossRef

21.

Detera-Wadleigh SD, McMahon FJ (2006) G72/G30 in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 60(2): 106–114PubMedCrossRef

22.

Dranovsky A, Hen R (2007) DISC1 puts the brakes on neurogenesis. Cell 130(6): 981–983PubMedCrossRef

23.

Duan J, Martinez M, Sanders AR et al. (2007) DTNBP1 (Dystrobrevin binding protein 1) and schizophrenia: association evidence in the 3’ end of the gene. Hum Hered 64(2): 97–106PubMedCrossRef

24.

Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS et al. (2001) Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98(12): 6917–6922PubMedCrossRef

25.

Falkai P, Honer WG, Kamer T et al. (2007) Disturbed frontal gyrification within families affected with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 41(10): 805–813PubMedCrossRef

26.

Fan JB, Zhang CS, Gu NF et al. (2005) Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene Val/Met functional polymorphism and risk of schizophrenia: a large-scale association study plus meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 57(2): 139–144PubMedCrossRef

27.

Flaum M, O’Leary DS, Swayze VW 2nd et al. (1995) Symptom dimensions and brain morphology in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. J Psychiatr Res 29(4): 261–276PubMedCrossRef

28.

Fukuzako H, Yamada K, Kodama S et al. (1997) Hippocampal volume asymmetry and age at illness onset in males with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 247(5): 248–251PubMedCrossRef

29.

Goghari VM, Sponheim SR (2008) Differential association of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism with clinical phenotypes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophren Res 103(1–3): 186–191

30.

Goldberg TE, Egan MF, Gscheidle T et al. (2003) Executive subprocesses in working memory: relationship to catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(9): 889–896PubMedCrossRef

31.

Gratacòs M, González JR, Mercader JM et al. (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and psychiatric disorders: meta-analysis of case-control studies confirms association to substance-related disorders, eating disorders, and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 61(7): 911–922PubMedCrossRef

32.

Gur RE, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE et al. (2000) Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(8): 769–775PubMedCrossRef

33.

Hänninen K, Katila H, Saarela M et al. (2008) Interleukin-1 beta gene polymorphism and its interactions with neuregulin-1 gene polymorphism are associated with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258(1): 10–15PubMedCrossRef

34.

Haren NE van, Pol HE, Schnack HG et al. (2008) Progressive brain volume loss in schizophrenia over the course of the illness: evidence of maturational abnormalities in early adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 63(1): 106–113PubMedCrossRef

35.

Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR (2005) Schizophrenia: genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry 10: 40–68PubMedCrossRef

36.

Hennah W, Varilo T, Kestilä M et al. (2003) Haplotype transmission analysis provides evidence of association for DISC1 to schizophrenia and suggests sex-dependent effects. Hum Mol Genet 12: 3151–3159PubMedCrossRef

37.

Henquet C, Murray R, Linszen D, Os J van (2005) The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophr Bull 31(3): 608–612PubMedCrossRef

38.

Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Nopoulos P et al. (2003) Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(6): 585–594PubMedCrossRef

39.

Ho BC, Wassink TH, O’Leary DS et al. (2005) Catechol-O-methyl transferase Val158Met gene polymorphism in schizophrenia: working memory, frontal lobe MRI morphology and frontal cerebral blood flow. Mol Psychiatry10(3): 229: 287–298

40.

Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Jaeger J et al. (2004) Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1): association with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet 75: 862–872PubMedCrossRef

41.

Hong J, Shu-Leong H, Tao X, Lap-Ping Y (1998) Distribution of catechyl-O-methyltransferase expression in human central nervous system. Neuroreport 9(12): 2861–2864PubMedCrossRef

42.

Kanazawa T, Glatt SJ, Kia-Keating B et al. (2007) Meta-analysis reveals no association of the Val66Met polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 17(3): 165–170PubMedCrossRef

43.

Katila H, Appelberg B, Hurme M, Rimón R (1994) Plasma levels of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia, other psychoses, and affective disorders. Schizophr Res 12(1): 29–34PubMedCrossRef

44.

Katila H, Hänninen K, Hurme M (1999) Polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene complex in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 4: 179–181PubMedCrossRef

45.

Keshavan MS, Bagwell WW, Haas GL et al. (1994) Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment. Lancet 344(8934): 1434PubMedCrossRef

46.

Kim SJ, Lee HJ, Koo HG et al. (2004) Impact of IL-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 14: 165–167PubMedCrossRef

47.

Kircher T, Gauggel S (2007) Neuropsychologie der Schizophrenie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

48.

Kirov G, Murphy KC, Arranz MJ et al. (1998) Low activity allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene associated with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 3(4): 342–345PubMedCrossRef

49.

Laurent C, Thibaut F, Ravassard P et al. (1997) Detection of two new polymorphic sites in the human interleukin-1 beta gene: lack of association with schizophrenia in a French population. Psychiatr Genet 7(3): 103–105PubMedCrossRef

50.

Law AJ, Weickert CS, Hyde TM et al. (2004) Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) messenger RNA and protein in the human brain: hippocampal formation, prefrontal cortex, cerebellum and brainstem. Neuroscience 127: 125–136PubMedCrossRef

51.

Lawrie SM, Whalley HC, Abukmeil SS et al. (2001) Brain structure, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 49(10): 811–823PubMedCrossRef

52.

Leube DT, Rapp A, Buchkremer G et al. (2003) Hippocampal dysfunction during episodic memory encoding in patients with schizophrenia – an fMRI study. Schizophr Res 64(1): 83–85PubMedCrossRef

53.

Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH et al. (2003) Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 73(1): 34–48PubMedCrossRef

54.

Li D, Collier DA, He L (2006) Meta-analysis shows strong positive association of the neuregulin 1 (NRG1) gene with schizophrenia.Hum Mol Genet 15(12): 1995–2002PubMedCrossRef

55.

Li T, Zhang F, Liu X et al. (2005) Identifying potential risk haplotypes for schizophrenia at the DTNBP1 locus in Han Chinese and Scottish populations. Mol Psychiatry 10(11): 1037–1044PubMedCrossRef

56.

Liu D, Diorio J, Day JC et al. (2000) Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nat Neurosci 3(8): 799–806PubMedCrossRef

57.

López-Bendito G, Cautinat A, Sánchez JA et al. (2006) Tangential neuronal migration controls axon guidance: a role for neuregulin-1 in thalamocortical axon navigation. Cell 125(1): 127–142PubMedCrossRef

58.

Lotta T, Vidgren J, Tilgmann C et al. (1995) Kinetics of human soluble and membrane-bound catechol O-methyltransferase: a revised mechanism and description of the thermolabile variant of the enzyme. Biochemistry 34(13): 4202–4210PubMedCrossRef

59.

Mannistö PT, Kaakkola S (1999) Catechyl-O-methyltransferase: biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new COMT inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 51(4): 593–628PubMed

60.

Mathalon DH, Sullivan EV, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A (2001) Progressive brain volume changes and the clinical course of schizophrenia in men: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(2): 148–157PubMedCrossRef

61.

Matsumoto M, Weickert CS, Akil M et al. (2003) Catechol O-methyltransferase mRNA expression in human and rat brain: evidence for a role in cortical neuronal function. Neuroscience 116(1): 127–137PubMedCrossRef

62.

McIntosh AM, Baig BJ, Hall J et al. (2007) Relationship of catechol-O-methyltransferase variants to brain structure and function in a population at high risk of psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 61(10): 1127–1134PubMedCrossRef

63.

McIntosh AM, Moorhead TW, Job D et al. (2007) The effects of a neuregulin 1 variant on white matter density and integrity. Mol Psychiatry 2007 Oct 9 [Epub ahead of print]

64.

Meisenzahl EM, Rujescu D, Kirner A et al. (2001) Association of an interleukin-1beta genetic polymorphism with altered brain structure in patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 158(8): 1316–1319PubMedCrossRef

65.

Melle I, Larsen TK, Haahr U et al. (2008) Prevention of negative symptom psychopathologies in first-episode schizophrenia: two-year effects of reducing the duration of untreated psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(6): 634–640PubMedCrossRef

66.

Meyer-Lindenberg A, Nicodemus KK, Egan MF et al. (2008) False positives in imaging genetics. Neuroimage 40(2): 655–661PubMedCrossRef

67.

Millar JK, Wilson-Annan JC, Anderson S et al. (2000) Disruption of two novel genes by a translocation co-segregating with schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet 9(9): 1415–1423PubMedCrossRef

68.

Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Stanwood GD et al. (2001) Disease-specific changes in regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4) expression in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 6(3): 293–301PubMedCrossRef

69.

Mukherjee N, Kidd KK, Pakstis AJ et al. (2008) The complex global pattern of genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium at catechol-O-methyltransferase. Mol Psychiatry, DOI 10.1038/mp.2008.64

70.

Munro CA, McCaul ME, Wong DF et al. (2006) Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in healthy adults. Biol Psychiatry 59(10): 966–974PubMedCrossRef

71.

Mutsuddi M, Morris DW, Waggoner SG et al. (2006) Analysis of high-resolution HapMap of DTNBP1 (Dysbindin) suggests no consistency between reported common variant associations and schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 79(5): 903–909PubMedCrossRef

72.

Nackley AG, Shabalina SA, Tchivileva IE et al. (2006) Human catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes modulate protein expression by altering mRNA secondary structure. Science 314(5807): 1930–1933PubMedCrossRef

73.

Nawa H, Takei M (2006) Recent progress in animal modeling of immune inflammatory processes in schizophrenia: implication of specific cytokines. Neurosci Res 56(1): 2–13PubMedCrossRef

74.

Nicklin MJ, Barton JL, Nguyen M et al. (2002) A sequence-based map of the nine genes of the human interleukin-1 cluster. Genomics 79(5): 718–725PubMedCrossRef

75.

Nicodemus KK, Kolachana BS, Vakkalanka R et al. (2007) Evidence for statistical epistasis between catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and polymorphisms in RGS4, G72 (DAOA), GRM3, and DISC1: influence on risk of schizophrenia. Hum Genet 120: 889–906PubMedCrossRef

76.

Ockel M, Lewin GR, Barde YA (1996) In vivo effects of neurotrophin-3 during sensory neurogenesis. Development 122(1): 301–307PubMed

77.

Ohnishi T, Hashimoto R, Mori T et al. (2006) The association between the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene and morphological abnormalities of the brain in chronic schizophrenia. Brain 129: 399–410PubMedCrossRef

78.

Oord EJ van den, Sullivan PF, Jiang Y et al. (2003) Identification of a high-risk haplotype for the dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) gene in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families. Mol Psychiatry 8(5): 499–510PubMedCrossRef

79.

Os J van, Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P (2005) The schizophrenia envirome. Curr Opin Psychiatry 18(2): 141–145PubMedCrossRef

80.

Papiol S, Molina V, Desco M et al. (2005) Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia is associated with a genetic polymorphism at the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. Neuroimage 27(4): 1002–1006PubMedCrossRef

81.

Papolos DF, Veit S, Faedda GL et al. (1998) Ultra-ultra rapid cycling bipolar disorder is associated with the low activity catecholamine-O-methyltransferase allele. Mol Psychiatry 3(4): 346–349PubMedCrossRef

82.

Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, McGorry PD et al. (2003) Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison. Lancet 361(9354): 281–288PubMedCrossRef

83.

Pantelis C, Velakoulis D, Wood SJ et al. (2007) Neuroimaging and emerging psychotic disorders: the Melbourne ultra-high risk studies. Int Rev Psychiatry 19(4): 371–381PubMedCrossRef

84.

Prasad KM, Chowdari KV, Nimgaonkar VL et al. (2005) Genetic polymorphisms of the RGS4 and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex morphometry among first episode schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry 10(2): 213–219PubMedCrossRef

85.

Roysommuti S, Carroll SL, Wyss JM (2003) Neuregulin-1b modulates in vivo entorhinal–hippocampal synaptic transmission in adult rats. Neuroscience 121: 779–785PubMedCrossRef

86.

Rujescu D, Meisenzahl EM, Krejcova S et al. (2007) Plexin B3 is genetically associated with verbal performance and white matter volume in human brain. Mol Psychiatry 12: 190–194PubMedCrossRef

87.

Saux M le, Morissette M, Paolo T di (2006) ERbeta mediates the estradiol increase of D2 receptors in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 50(4): 451–457PubMedCrossRef

88.

Scherk H, Falkai P (2004) Veränderungen der Hirnstruktur durch neuroleptische Medikation. Nervenarzt 75(11): 1112–1117PubMedCrossRef

89.

Scherk H, Falkai P (2006) Effects of antipsychotics on brain structure. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19(2): 145–150PubMedCrossRef

90.

Schumacher J, Jamra RA, Becker T et al. (2005) Evidence for a relationship between genetic variants at the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) locus and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 58(4): 307–314PubMedCrossRef

91.

Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW (2001) A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49(1–2): 1–52

92.

Shi J, Badner JA, Gershon ES, Liu C (2008) Allelic association of G72/G30 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 98(1–3): 89–97

93.

Shirts BH, Wood J, Yolken RH, Nimgaonkar VL (2006) Association study of IL10, IL1beta, and IL1RN and schizophrenia using tag SNPs from a comprehensive database: suggestive association with rs16944 at IL1beta. Schizophr Res 88(1–3): 235–244

94.

Sporn AL, Greenstein DK, Gogtay N et al. (2003) Progressive brain volume loss during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160(12): 2181–2189PubMedCrossRef

95.

St Clair D, Blackwood D, Muir W et al. (1990) Association within a family of a balanced autosomal translocation with major mental illness. Lancet 336: 13–16CrossRef

96.

Stefanis N, Frangou S, Yakeley J et al. (1999) Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications. Biol Psychiatry 46(5): 697–702PubMedCrossRef

97.

Stefanis NC, Os J van, Avramopoulos D et al. (2004) Variation in catechol-o-methyltransferase val158 met genotype associated with schizotypy but not cognition: a population study in 543 young men. Biol Psychiatry 56(7): 510–515PubMedCrossRef

98.

Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V et al. (2002) Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 71(4): 877–892PubMedCrossRef

99.

Stoop R, Poo MM (2006) Synaptic modulation by neurotrophic factors: differential and synergistic effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor. J Neurosci 16(10): 3256–3264

100.

Straub RE, Jiang Y, MacLean CJ et al. (2002) Genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 71(2): 337–348PubMedCrossRef

101.

Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC (2003) Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(12): 1187–1192PubMedCrossRef

102.

Szeszko PR, Lipsky R, Mentschel C (2005) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism and volume of the hippocampal formation. Mol Psychiatry 10(7): 631–636PubMedCrossRef

103.

Talkowski ME, Seltman H, Bassett AS et al. (2006) Evaluation of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: genotype based meta-analysis of RGS4 polymorphisms from thirteen independent samples. Biol Psychiatry 60(2): 152–162PubMedCrossRef

104.

Tamagnone L, Artigiani S, Chen H et al. (1999) Plexins are a large family of receptors for transmembrane, secreted, and GPI-anchored semaphorins in vertebrates. Cell 99(1): 71–80PubMedCrossRef

105.

Tan HY, Callicott JH, Weinberger DR (2007) Dysfunctional and compensatory prefrontal cortical systems, genes and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 17 [Suppl 1]: i171–i181

106.

Taylor WD, Züchner S, Payne ME et al. (2007) The COMT Val158Met polymorphism and temporal lobe morphometry in healthy adults. Psychiatry Res 155(2): 173–177PubMedCrossRef

107.

Taymans JM, Wintmolders C, Te Riele P et al. (2002) Detailed localization of regulator of G protein signaling 2 messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in the rat brain. Neuroscience 114(1): 39–53PubMedCrossRef

108.

Tenhunen J, Salminen M, Lundström K et al. (1994) Genomic organization of the human catechol O-methyltransferase gene and its expression from two distinct promoters. Eur J Biochem 223(3): 1049–1059PubMedCrossRef

109.

Thaminy S, Auerbach D, Arnoldo A, Stagljar I (2003) Identification of novel ErbB3-interacting factors using the split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system. Genome Res 13: 1744–1753PubMedCrossRef

110.

Thomson PA, Wray NR, Millar JK et al. (2005) Association between the TRAX/DISC locus and both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in the Scottish population. Mol Psychiatry 10: 657–668PubMedCrossRef

111.

Tosato S, Dazzan P, Collier D (2005) Association between the neuregulin 1 gene and schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Bull 31(3): 613–617PubMedCrossRef

112.

Tsai G, Passani LA, Slusher BS et al. (1995) Abnormal excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in schizophrenic brains. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52: 829–836PubMed

113.

Tsai G, Kammen DP van, Chen S et al. (1998) Glutamatergic neurotransmission involves structural and clinical deficits of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44: 667–674PubMedCrossRef

114.

Vries L de, Zheng B, Fischer T et al. (2000) The regulator of G protein signaling family. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40: 235–271PubMedCrossRef

115.

Watanabe Y, Nunokawa A, Kaneko N et al. (2007) Lack of association between the interleukin-1 gene complex and schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 61: 364–369PubMedCrossRef

116.

Weinberger DR (1999) Cell biology of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45(4): 395–402PubMedCrossRef

117.

Weinberger DR, Egan MF, Bertolino A et al. (2001) Prefrontal neurons and the genetics of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 50(11): 825–44PubMedCrossRef

118.

Weinshilboum RM, Otterness DM, Szumlanski CL (1999) Methylation pharmacogenetics: catechol-o-methyltransferase, thiopurine methyltransferase, and histamine-N-methyltransferase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39: 19–52PubMedCrossRef

119.

Williams NM, Preece A, Morris DW et al. (2004) Identification in 2 independent samples of a novel schizophrenia risk haplotype of the dystrobrevin binding protein gene (DTNBP1). Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(4): 336–344PubMedCrossRef

120.

Winterer G, Weinberger DR (2004) Genes, dopamine and cortical signal-to-noise ratio in schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 27: 683–690PubMedCrossRef

121.

Wobrock T, Kamer T, Roy A et al. (2008) Reduction of the internal capsule in families affected with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 63(1): 65–71PubMedCrossRef

122.

Wood SJ, Yücel M, Velakoulis D et al. (2005) Hippocampal and anterior cingulate morphology in subjects at ultra-high-risk for psychosis: the role of family history of psychotic illness. Schizophr Res 75(2–3): 295–301

123.

Xu MQ, St Clair D, Ott J et al. (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene C-270T and Val66Met functional polymorphisms and risk of schizophrenia: a moderate-scale population-based study and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 91(1-3): 6–13

124.

Xu MQ, St Clair D, Feng GY et al. (2008) BDNF gene is a genetic risk factor for schizophrenia and is related to the chlorpromazine-induced extrapyramidal syndrome in the Chinese population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 18(6): 449–457PubMedCrossRef

125.

Zanardini R, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Scassellati C et al. (2003) Association between IL-1beta -511C/T and IL-1RA (86bp)n repeats polymorphisms and schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 37: 457–462PubMedCrossRef

126.

Zhang F, Sarginson J, Crombie C et al. (2006) Genetic association between schizophrenia and the DISC1 gene in the Scottish population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141: 155–159

127.

Zinkstok J, Schmitz N, Amelsvoort van T et al. (2007) The COMT val158met polymorphism and brain morphometry in healthy young adults. Neurosci Lett 405(1–2): 34–39

Titel: Korrelation zwischen Risikogenvarianten für Schizophrenie und Hirnstrukturanomalien
verfasst von: T. Nickl-Jockschat
M. Rietschel
T. Kircher
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2009
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Der Nervenarzt / Ausgabe 1/2009
Print ISSN: 0028-2804
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-008-2576-1

Neu in den Fachgebieten Neurologie und Psychiatrie

23.04.2024 | Demenz | Nachrichten

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Korrelation zwischen Risikogenvarianten für Schizophrenie und Hirnstrukturanomalien

Zusammenfassung

Neu in den Fachgebieten Neurologie und Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2009

Psychische Folgen von Patientenübergriffen auf Mitarbeiter

Neue Erkenntnisse zur Genetik der Schizophrenie

Von der Identifizierung neurofunktioneller Systeme zur Individualisierung der Therapie schizophrener Störungen

Innovative Versorgungsstrukturen in der Behandlung von Menschen mit Schizophrenie in Deutschland

Neues zur Diagnostik und Therapie schizophrener Psychosen

Alzheimer-Krankheit und vaskuläre Demenz

Neu in den Fachgebieten Neurologie und Psychiatrie

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus

Weniger postpartale Depressionen nach Esketamin-Einmalgabe

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein