Background
Methods
Study design
Patients
Data collection
Assessment of subjective cognitive function
Assessment of objective cognitive function
Stockings of Cambridge (SOC)
Pattern recognition memory (PRM)
Spatial span (SSP)
Rapid visual information processing (RVP)
Assessment of post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression
Statistical methods
Results
1. Does not speak/understand Swedish | 60 |
2. Abuse of alcohol or drugs | 127 |
3. Aphasia, blindness, or deafness | 10 |
4. Ongoing psychiatric disorder or psychopharmacological drug treatment | 45 |
5. Dementia, ongoing screening for dementia or cognitive deficit | 27 |
6. Structural brain damage or meningitis | 181 |
7. Treatment limitations or palliative care | 38 |
8. ICU treatment < 48 h | 47 |
9. Patient received from other ICU units | 123 |
10. ECMO | 8 |
11. Out-of-county patient | 61 |
12. Other reasons | 90 |
No. of excluded in total | 817 |
Follow-up cohort at 3 months (N = 58) | |
---|---|
Age, year, median (IQR) | 54 (41–64) |
Male sex, no. (%) | 44 (76) |
Level of education, no. (%) | |
Primary | 15 (26) |
Secondary | 24 (41) |
Tertiary | 19 (33) |
Nicotine abuse, no. (%) | 22 (38) |
Comorbidity, no. (%) | |
Cardiovascular | 18 (31) |
Respiratory | 7 (12) |
Gastrointestinal | 3 (5) |
Diabetes | 6 (10) |
Cancer | 8 (14) |
Immunological | 2 (3) |
Neurological | 4 (7) |
APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 26 (22–30) |
SAPS III score, median (IQR) | 48 (40–53) |
Sepsis/septic shock (Sepsis 3), no. (%) | 42 (72) |
Mechanical ventilation, no. (%) | 44 (76) |
Delirium, no. (%) | 17 (29) |
Duration of ICU stay, days, median (IQR) | 4.45 (2–8.5) |
Changes over time in subjective and objective cognitive function and in psychological distress
Follow-up cohort at 3 months | Follow-up cohort at 6 months | Follow-up cohort at 12 months | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| Mean scores (SD) | 95% CI |
N
| Mean scores (SD) | 95% CI | p value (∆3 to 6 months) |
N
| Mean scores (SD) | 95% CI | p value (∆3 to 12 months) | |
CFQ | 40 | 29.7 (13.7) | 25.4–33.9 | 47 | 30.3 (14.6) | 26.2–34.5 | 0.62 | 41 | 31.6 (13.9) | 27.3–35.8 | 0.18 |
HADS—anxiety | 57 | 4.2 (4.1) | 3.2–5.3 | 51 | 3.8 (3.9) | 2.7–4.9 | 0.22 | 41 | 3.7 (3.6) | 2.6–4.8 | 0.12 |
HADS—depression | 57 | 4.7 (4.1) | 3.7–5.8 | 51 | 4.3 (4.0) | 3.3–5.4 | 0.32 | 41 | 4.5 (3.7) | 3.4–5.7 | 0.65 |
PTSS-10 | 57 | 21.2 (11.0) | 18.3–24.0 | 51 | 22.0 (10.6) | 19.1–24.9 | 0.35 | 41 | 21.3 (9.8) | 18.3–24.3 | 0.91 |
CANTAB | |||||||||||
PRM—% correct | 58 | 82.8 (10.4) | 80.1–85.5 | 51 | 85.9 (10.3) | 83.8–88.7 | 0.03 | 45 | 85.2 (10.1) | 82.2–88.1 | 0.12 |
RVP—RVP A’ | 57 | 0.87 (0.06) | 0.85–0.88 | 47 | 0.89 (0.06) | 0.87–0.91 | 0.01 | 41 | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.88–0.92 | < 0.001 |
SOC—minimum moves | 57 | 8.4 (1.9) | 7.9–8.9 | 49 | 8.8 (1.9) | 8.3–9.3 | 0.19 | 45 | 9.4 (1.9) | 8.9–10.0 | < 0.001 |
SSP—span length | 58 | 5.8 (1.3) | 5.5–6.2 | 51 | 5.9 (1.3) | 5.6–6.3 | 0.60 | 45 | 5.9 (1.3) | 5.6–6.3 | 0.61 |
Patients scoring above clinical cut-off (HADS, PTSS-10) or with scores equating to cognitive impairment (CANTAB) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Follow-up at 3 months | Follow-up at 6 months | Follow-up at 12 months | |
HADS, no. (%) | |||
Anxiety | 5 (9) | 5 (10) | 1 (2) |
Depression | 7 (12) | 5 (10) | 4 (10) |
PTSS-10, no. (%) | 6 (11) | 4 (6) | 2 (5) |
CANTAB, no. (%) | 20 (34) | 9 (18) | 7 (16) |
Correlations between subjective and objective cognitive function
Correlations between cognitive function and psychological distress
PRM—% correct | RVP A’ | SOC—problems with min moves | SSP—span length | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
|
r
|
p
| |
HADS—anxiety | ||||||||
At 3 months | − 0.319 | 0.015 | − 0.041 | 0.765 | 0.056 | 0.682 | 0.172 | 0.202 |
At 6 months | − 0.054 | 0.708 | 0.102 | 0.494 | − 0.059 | 0.687 | 0.199 | 0.161 |
At 12 months | − 0.161 | 0.315 | 0.064 | 0.707 | 0.037 | 0.817 | − 0.191 | 0.231 |
HADS—depression | ||||||||
At 3 months | − 0.348 | 0.008 | − 0.070 | 0.610 | 0.029 | 0.835 | 0.085 | 0.529 |
At 6 months | − 0.145 | 0.310 | − 0.088 | 0.557 | − 0.024 | 0.868 | 0.028 | 0.843 |
At 12 months | − 0.210 | 0.188 | − 0.113 | 0.507 | 0.037 | 0.819 | − 0.281 | 0.075 |
PTSS-10 | ||||||||
At 3 months | − 0.329 | 0.013 | − 0.070 | 0.609 | 0.107 | 0.434 | 0.136 | 0.312 |
At 6 months | − 0.170 | 0.234 | − 0.028 | 0.852 | 0.043 | 0.770 | 0.102 | 0.476 |
At 12 months | − 0.129 | 0.423 | 0.044 | 0.795 | 0.154 | 0.336 | − 0.113 | 0.481 |