Introduction
Idasanutlin is a potent and selective small-molecule MDM2 (murine double minute 2) antagonist in phase 3 clinical trial for refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It disrupts interaction between the tumor suppressor protein 53 (TP53) and its negative regulator, MDM2, hence restoring TP53’s function in cell cycle control. Treatment of cancer cells expressing functional TP53 with small molecule MDM2 antagonists resulted in the concurrent transcriptional activation of TP53 downstream genes, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [1].
Pharmacokinetic properties of idasanutlin have been well characterized in phase I studies [2‐4]. It has low clearance, 1-day half-life and dose linearity [3, 4]. Nonclinical metabolic profiling studies have also suggested that glucuronidation is the major metabolic clearance reaction for idasanutlin (unpublished).
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UGT (UDP glucuronosyltransferase) is a family of metabolizing enzymes that catalyzes glucuronidation. They play a key role in removing exogenous chemicals such as drugs and toxins as well as endogenous substances such as bilirubin. There are multiple reported examples of known UGT polymorphisms that are associated with drug metabolism [5‐8] and drug response [9, 10]. Thus, we investigate if UGT polymorphism has an impact on the metabolism of idasanutlin observed from our MDM2 clinical studies.
Methods
Patients
UGT genotyping
UGT genotyping data were analyzed using DMET chip (Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters) at Covance Genomics Lab, Redmond, WA 98052, USA. The chip measures SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) data for over 230 genes known to encode metabolizing enzymes and transporters, including UGT.
Pharmacokinetic data
Idasanutlin pharmacokinetic data following single-dose administration were measured using plasma samples collected from patients and were reported [2, 4].
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Data analysis
Pharmacokinetic data analysis
Idasanutlin clearance (dose/AUCinf) from different formulations [MBP (Microprecipitated Bulk Powder) and SDP (Spray Dry Powder)] was normalized using the established dosage conversion: MBP/2.2 = SDP. Normalized clearance data were log transformed.
SNP–SNP association
Pairwise SNP–SNP associations were analyzed using the r2 measure implemented in the LDheatmap R package [11].
Single-locus association analysis
Normalized and log-transformed idasanutlin clearance data from all patients were pooled and analyzed by Welch’s ANOVA to detect statistical significance between genotypes and normalized clearance. Single-locus model using Fast score test for genetic association (qtscore function in GenABEL package) was also used to confirm results [12].
Multi-locus association analysis
Multi-locus association with normalized clearance was tested through a stepwise linear regression model based on Multi-Locus Mixed Model (MLMM) [13]. Missing values were imputed by K-nearest neighbor imputation with k = 10. Haplotype association analysis was carried out using haplo.score and seqhap functions in haplo.stats R package [14, 15]. The normalized clearance (log transformed) was binarized at its global median and the median of each patient group for seqhap haplotype association analysis.
Potential interaction between pairs of SNPs (epistasis) on normalized clearance was tested using interactionPval function in SNPassoc R package [16].
Software and computational approach
R version 3.4.0 was used for all the data analysis.
Results and discussion
Patient groups
This analysis includes data from two phase I studies in which patients received idasanutlin in different formulations and dose levels. Study 1 (NCT01901172) has three parts of clinical pharmacology study, with a total of 61 solid tumor patients [2]. Treatment A part in study 2 (NCT02828930) has 8 solid tumor patients with equivalent clinical pharmacology data [4].
Pharmacokinetic data overview
Clearance of idasanutlin in different formulations was normalized and its distribution was normally distributed (Shapiro test) after log transformation. The clearance profiles from part 1 and 3 in study 1 and from study 2 were comparable, whereas the clearance from part 2 in study 1 was slightly higher, possibly due to inter-patient variability.
UGT polymorphism
There are 115 SNPs in 17 UGT family enzymes on the DMET chip. Most of the SNPs do not show polymorphism among the 69 patients in the dataset. Only 44 of the 115 SNPs have more than one patient having a different genotype (non-monomorphic) and have reference SNP ids (rs#, [17]). Polymorphism of these 44 SNPs was analyzed for association with idasanutlin pharmacokinetic data.
UGT1A3 polymorphism showed no association with idasanutlin clearance
Previous in-house phenotyping assays with recombinant UGTs in human liver and intestinal microsomes and with selective UGT inhibitors have shown that UGT1A3 was the most active metabolizing enzyme for idasanutlin (data not shown). Therefore, we first analyzed the polymorphisms in UGT1A3. Three out of the six measured UGT1A3 SNPs have more than one patient showing polymorphism in the dataset: rs3821242, rs6706232, rs7574296. They are in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.96). Therefore, the allele frequencies and idasanutlin clearance distribution in the different genotypes are very similar among the three SNPs. The box plot in Fig. 1 shows that there is no significant difference in the level of normalized clearance in patients with the three different genotypes at these SNPs, using one of them as an example (rs6706232). Therefore, there is no UGT1A3 polymorphism association with idasanutlin clearance (Welch’s ANOVA p value = 0.613).
Fig. 1
Idasanutlin clearance distribution in patients with different genotypes at a UGT1A3 SNP. Distribution of normalized clearance of idasanutlin among patients with the different genotypes at rs6706232 (one of the three measured SNPs in UGT1A3 that has polymorphism among patients in this dataset)
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None of the UGT polymorphisms has association with idasanutlin pharmacokinetics
We then performed multiple single-locus and multi-locus association analyses to detect if there is any UGT polymorphism that is associated with idasanutlin clearance.
None of the UGT polymorphisms showed significant association with normalized clearance (Welch’s ANOVA p value > 0.05). Welch’s ANOVA was used because the number of patients is often different between the different genotypes, resulting in unequal variances for each SNP. Welch’s ANOVA does not assume equal variance among genotypes. The not-significant association was confirmed with a single-locus model using Fast score test for genetic association (qtscore function [12]).
To detect any association from multiple loci, each has very small effect on idasanutlin pharmacokinetics, we performed multi-locus association analysis. The stepwise linear regression model based on Multi-Locus Mixed Model (MLMM) [13] adjusted for kinship did not find any SNP significantly associated with normalized clearance.
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Haplotype association analysis is also known to improve detection of genetically associated genes in some cases [18]. We tested haplotype association using three different ways of defining the haplo-block: (1) all non-singular SNPs in each gene were combined as a haplo-block; (2) all non-singular SNPs in each chromosome were combined as a haplo-block; (3) we used the sequential scan seqhap function to enlarge the locus region for haplotype association. Normalized clearance of idasanutlin was evaluated for association with the resulting haplotypes from the above three approaches. None of the UGT genes has a significant association with clearance based on global score statistics and permutation (p value > 0.05, data not shown).
We further evaluated potential interaction between pairs of SNPs (epistasis) on normalized clearance. Seven of the 44 non-singular SNPs showed some mildly significant epistasis (p value < 0.05, Fig. 2). However, after adjusted for multiple testing (by False Discovery Rate), none of them passes the < 0.05 significant p value cut-off.
Fig. 2
Potential pairwise SNP interaction on idasanutlin clearance. The heatmap shows p value (not adjusted for multiple testing) of pairwise interactions. The upper triangle, the lower triangle, and the diagonal present the p values of the SNP–SNP interactions, the differences of the additive models and the best single-SNP models, and the single-SNP effects, respectively. Darker color indicates higher significance (lower p value). Only the non-monomorphic SNPs with ≥ 80% non-missing genotypes are presented in the heatmap
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We therefore conclude that with the current phase I study data, no significant UGT polymorphism association with idasanutlin clearance can be detected. This does not exclude the possibility that there might be some very rare alleles in UGT family gene(s) that associate with idasanutlin pharmacokinetics, due to the limited sample size in phase I studies. Samples from phase III studies can be collected to continue the investigation.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dietrich Tuerck for helpful discussion and acknowledge contributions from other Roche colleagues in the study teams for generating the data used in this manuscript.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Both studies were conducted in accordance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and/or Independent Ethics Committees (IECs) approvals were obtained from all five participating sites.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in both studies.
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Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.