Introduction
Method
Identifying the research question
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the individual studies?
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across the synthesized studies?
Identifying relevant studies
Screening and selecting studies
Charting the data
Assessing the risk of bias
Collating, summarizing, and reporting the results
Consultation
Results
Study selection
Study characteristics
Author and publ. Year | Population (sample, age, setting and size) | Outcome measure | Analytical approach | Intersectional inequality (direction of association) | Quality rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender and Race/ethnicity | |||||
Mair C., 2010 [34] | Population sample > 60 yrs., US (n = 10 441) | Symptom scale: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (depressive symptoms) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (antagonistic) | 4/5 |
Evans, C. R. and Erickson N., 2019 [31] | Population sample, age wave 1: 15, wave 2: 28 yrs., US (n = 15 388) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Linear regression, absolute measure inequality | Excess: Female and Native American (synergistic) Female and Black (n.s) Female and Latina (n.s) Female and Asian/Pacific Islander (n.s) | 5/5 |
Hardeman R., et al., 2015 [32] | Medical students, US (n = 3 191) | Symptom scale: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (depressive symptoms) | Generalized linear regression, relative measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: PROMIS (anxiety symptoms) | Excess (antagonistic) | 5/5 | |||
Rosenfield S., 2012 [29] | Data set 1: population sample 15–54 yrs., US (n = 5 877) | Diagnostic interview: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder) | Logistic regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (synergistic) | 5/5 |
Diagnostic interview: CIDI (depression) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Data set 2: State sample (New Jersey) US 15,18 and 21 yrs. (n = 1 308,) | Symptom scale: Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)-90R (antisocial problems) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | ||
Symptom scale: HSCL-90R (depressive symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Roxburg S., 2009 [33] | Population sample 18–64 yrs., US (n = 24 998) | Symptom scale: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) (psychological distress) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Gender and Socioeconomic position | |||||
Green M. J. and Benzeval M., 2011 [34] | Age at baseline: 15, 35 and 55. Follow-up time: 20 yrs. Scottland, UK (n = 3846) | Symptom scale: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (depressive symptoms) | Logistic regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 3/5 |
Symptom scale: HADS (anxiety symptoms) | Excess (synergistic) | 4/5 | |||
Green M., et al., 2014 [35] | Age at baseline: 36. Follow-up time: 20 yrs., Skottland, UK (n = 999) | Symptom scale: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) -12 (depressive symptoms) | Structural equation model with latent variables, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 4/5 |
Gibson P. A., et al., 2016 [36] | 18–26 yrs. (n = 4302), USA | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Nested negative binomial regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Ross C. E., and Mirowsky J., 2006 [37] | Population sample, 18–95 yrs., US (n = 2 592) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (synergistic) | 4/5 |
Schieman S., 2002 [38] | Workers 18–55 yrs., Canada (n = 994) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Ordinary least squares regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (synergistic) | 5/5 |
Excess (n.s) | |||||
Gustafsson P., et al. 2016 [16] | National sample 18–84 yrs., Sweden (n = 25 585) | Symptom scale: GHQ-12 (depressive symptoms) | Analysis of variance (Aim 1) and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis (Aim 2), absolute measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | 5/5 |
Socioeconomic position and Race/Ethnicity | |||||
Valdez L. A., and Langellier B. A., 2015 [39] | > 18 yrs., US (n = 6 070) | Symptom scale:Kessler 6 (psychological distress) | Linear regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess: household income and ethnicity (n.s) | 4/5 |
Excess: education and ethnicity (n.s) | |||||
Gender and Race/ethnicity and Socioeconomic position | |||||
Wamala et al., 2009 [40] | National sample 16–84 yrs., Sweden (n = 56 889) | Symptom scale:GHQ-12 (depressive symptoms) | Logistic regression, relative measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | 5/5 |
Rosenfield S., 2012 [29] | Data set 1: population sample 15–54 yrs., US (n = 5 877) | Diagnostic interview: Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder) | Logistic regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Diagnostic interview: CIDI (depression) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Data set 2: State sample (New Jersey) US15,18 and 21 yrs. (n = 1 308,) | Symptom scale: Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)-90R (antisocial problems) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | ||
Symptom scale: HSCL-90R (depressive symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 | |||
Sexual orientation and Gender | |||||
Becker M., et al., 2014 [41] | 18–28 yrs., US (n = 2 451) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | Analysis of variance (ANOVA), absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: SIS (suicidal ideation) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Li G., et al., 2016 [42] | Mean age 21 yrs., US (n = 9 421) | Symptom scale: CES-D (depressive symptoms) | ANOVA, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Cohen J. M., et al., 2016 [43] | Mean age 18 yrs., US (n = 314) | Symptom scale: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-Q)-9 (anxiety symptoms) | Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (post traumatic stress symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Social Phobia Diagnostic Questionnaire (SPDQ) (social phobia symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) -II (depressive symptoms) | Excess (n.s) | ||||
Strong S. M., et al. 2000 [44] | 18–32 yrs., US (n = 412) | Symptom scale: BDI (depressive symptoms) | Stepwise multiple regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 5/5 |
Symptom scale: Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) (eating disorder symptoms) | Chi-square test, absolute measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | |||
Davids C. M., and Green M. A., 2011 [45] | 18–80 yrs., US (n = 454) | Symptom scale: Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) (eating disorder symptoms) | Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), absolute measure of inequality | Excess (n.s) | 4/5 |
Lundberg J., et al., 2009 [23] | 18–70 yrs., Sweden (n = 14 854) | Symptom scale: GHQ-12 (common mental disorder symptoms) | Logistic regression, relative measure of inequality | Joint (significant) | 5/5 |
Garratt E., A., et al., 2016 [46] | Parents to children born 2000–01, UK (n = 83 395) | Symptom scale: Kessler 6 (common mental disorder symptoms) | Linear fixed-effects panel regression, absolute measure of inequality | Excess (antagonistic) | 5/5 |